| Biomarker | CRP | Full name | C-reactive protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Capillary Blood (On-Site Rapid Test / POC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As an indicator of overall inflammation, TB infection triggers an inflammatory response with elevated levels | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: WHO designated as a screening marker for tuberculosis in HIV-infected people, with a threshold of > 5mg/L | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Rapid testing for TB screening scenarios in people living with HIV | ||||
| Biomarker | MTB-DNA | Full name | Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (GeneXpert system, PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | After Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, pathogen DNA is present in clinical samples, which directly reflects the presence of pathogens | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: It has been widely used for pathogen angle disease identification, and the GeneXpert system is a common detection platform | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Sensitivity was high (98%) in smear-positive samples, but low detection rate in oligobacteriobacter samples | ||||
| Biomarker | FEV1/FVC | Full name | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second / Forced vital capacity | Molecular Type | Functional parameters |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Pulmonary function test (pulmonary function instrument) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflects the ventilation function of the lungs and airways, and reflects the type and degree of ventilation disorders | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available / guideline recommendation: core diagnostic indicators | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is a key criterion for COPD diagnosis and disease staging, directly reflecting the condition of impaired lung function | ||||
| Biomarker | SE | Full name | Sputum eosinophils | Molecular Type | cell |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Sputum (cell count test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of acute exacerbations of COPD and glucocorticoid responsiveness | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / clinical exploration: treatment prediction markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Inhaled hormone therapy can guide the choice of inhaled hormone therapy and provide a basis for individualized therapy | ||||
| Biomarker | vWF | Full name | von Willebrand factor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (coagulation test, immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It reflects endothelial function damage and is associated with disease progression and complications | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: prognostic assessment of candidate markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It provides a reference for disease prognosis judgment and complication risk assessment | ||||
| Biomarker | ET-1 | Full name | endothelin-1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood(immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in vasoconstriction and endothelial function regulation, which is related to endothelial dysfunction and suggests disease prognosis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: prognostic assessment of candidate markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with the risk of cardiovascular complications in COPD patients | ||||
| Biomarker | TIMPS | Full name | metalloproteinase tissue inhibitors | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood,sputum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It regulates MMPs activity, participates in lung tissue repair and remodeling, and is associated with disease progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: prognostic assessment of candidate markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can be used as a prognostic reference index for disease progression and cardiovascular complications in COPD patients | ||||
| Biomarker | MMPs | Full name | matrix metalloproteinases | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood,sputum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, the expression of which changes correlate with COPD disease progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: prognostic assessment of candidate markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Synergizes with TIMPS to jointly influence the process of structural destruction of lung tissue | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-155、miR-17、miR-181 | Full name | microRNA-155、microRNA-17、microRNA-181 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（microRNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (real-time PCR technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal expression profile in COPD patients is involved in disease-related molecular regulation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verifies that non-invasive diagnosis has great potential | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | miR-181 had the highest diagnostic sensitivity, and downregulation of miR-17 reflected remodeling activity, and combined testing enhanced diagnostic and stratification effects | ||||
| Biomarker | eotaxin-3 | Full name | Eosinophil chemokine 3 | Molecular Type | Proteins (chemokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Bronchial biopsy sample, bronchial irrigation fluid (immunoassay technique) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participating in the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the airways, the expression of COPD patients (especially in the acute exacerbation phase) is elevated | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: high diagnostic differentiation value | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Provide a potential reference for accurate diagnosis and treatment guidance for COPD | ||||
| Biomarker | MCP-4 | Full name | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-4 | Molecular Type | Proteins (chemokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Bronchial biopsy sample, bronchial irrigation fluid (immunoassay technique) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Patients with COPD (especially in the acute exacerbation phase) have airway inflammation associated with increased production in bronchial tissue and irrigation fluid | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: high diagnostic differentiation value | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with eotaxin-3, it shows high AUC values when distinguishing COPD patients from healthy people, and in acute exacerbations from stable phases | ||||
| Biomarker | Fbg | Full name | Fibrinogen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screeningDiagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (coagulation function test, immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Levels involved in the inflammatory response and coagulation process are associated with COPD prevalence, frequency of exacerbations, and all-cause mortality | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / clinical exploration: Assist in the assessment of disease risk | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is a marker related to systemic inflammation and provides a reference for judging the severity of the disease | ||||
| Biomarker | CRP | Full name | C-reactive protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | In patients with COPD, especially in the acute exacerbation phase, the inflammatory response is enhanced and blood levels are elevated, which is associated with the risk of complications and mortality | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available / Research-validated: for assessment of inflammatory status | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Non-COPD-specific and elevated in other inflammatory states | ||||
| Biomarker | Periostin | Full name | Periosteal protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Upregulated by IL-4 and IL-13, involved in airway epithelial fibrosis, reflecting Th2-type inflammation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation / clinical exploration: used to predict airway eosinophilia | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is one of the best predictors of airway eosinophilic inflammation, which provides a reference for prognostic evaluation and monitoring of treatment response | ||||
| Biomarker | TSLP、IL-33、IL-25 | Full name | Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin、 Interleukin-33、Interleukin-25 | Molecular Type | Proteins (cytokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway epithelial tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Sputum, airway epithelial tissue (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Elevated levels in the epithelial cells of asthmatic patients are involved in the initiation and regulation of airway inflammation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: Assists in the judgment of Th2 high asthma | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is an important regulator of the inflammatory pathway in Th2 asthma and provides a potential target for targeted therapy | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-4、IL-5、IL-13 | Full name | Interleukin-4、 Interleukin-5、 Interleukin-13 | Molecular Type | Proteins (cytokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway epithelial tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Sputum, BALF (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in the regulation of Th2 lung inflammation and is a key mediator of asthmatic airway inflammation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: Clinical fellowship standard | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is expensive and not currently used in routine clinical practice | ||||