| Biomarker | FeNO | Full name | Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide | Molecular Type | gas molecules |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Exhaled breath (FeNO detection device) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | IL-13 upregulates airway epithelial nitric oxide synthase and promotes nitric oxide production, reflecting Th2 airway inflammation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available / guideline reference: used to suggest eosinophilic inflammation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Affected by demographic characteristics, smoking, diet and other factors, the level of glucocorticoid tolerance in some patients does not decrease | ||||
| Biomarker | IgE | Full name | Immunoglobulin E | Molecular Type | Protein (immunoglobulin) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)、Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Triggers type I hypersensitivity, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and levels are related to lung function | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available / Validated by research: Used for asthma association assessment and related clinical trials | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is inversely correlated with the FEV1/FVC ratio in asthmatic patients and is an important association marker for allergic asthma | ||||
| Biomarker | TEC | Full name | Total Eosinophil Count | Molecular Type | Cells (eosinophils) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Asthmae | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood, sputum (cell count test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in cell adhesion, migration and other processes, and is highly expressed in PM, which is related to the degree of tumor malignancy | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study stage (prognostic value is available, diagnostic value is limited): high accuracy in differentiating PM from healthy people (AUCROC 0.86 to 0.89), but not useful for differentiating PM from benign pleural effusion or other diseases | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | 1. Low specificity, limiting its diagnostic application; 2. High levels of OPN in PM patients are associated with poor prognosis and have a potential prognostic predictive effect | ||||
| Biomarker | OPN | Full name | Osteopontin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | diagnosis (low specificity), prognostic prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in cell adhesion, migration and other processes, and is highly expressed in PM, which is related to the degree of tumor malignancy | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study stage (prognostic value is available, diagnostic value is limited): high accuracy in differentiating PM from healthy people (AUCROC 0.86 to 0.89), but not useful for differentiating PM from benign pleural effusion or other diseases | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | 1. Low specificity, limiting its diagnostic application; 2. High levels of OPN in PM patients are associated with poor prognosis and have a potential prognostic predictive effect | ||||
| Biomarker | VEGF | Full name | Vascular endothelial growth factor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment, treatment monitoring (potential) |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Unspecified specific samples (presumed to be serum and other body fluids) (unspecified specific technology platform) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Involved in tumor angiogenesis, promoting PM growth, invasion, and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation phase: Considered to be a potential prognostic and monitoring biomarker | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Relevant studies support its association with PM prognosis, but more validation is needed for clinical application | ||||
| Biomarker | DRAM1 mRNA, ARSA mRNA | Full name | DNA Damage-Regulated Autophagy Modulator 1 mRNA, Arylsulfatase A mRNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（RNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal levels of expression in PM may be related to pathways involved in tumorigenesis and development | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research stage: Expression in serum is related to PM, and it is included in potential marker studies | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It belongs to the research category of PM serum biomarkers, and its clinical application value needs to be further confirmed | ||||
| Biomarker | MicroRNAs（miRNA，Such as hsa-miR-2053） | Full name | MicroRNAs（miRNA，Such as hsa-miR-2053） | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（RNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Underlying diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Specific samples not specified (presumed to be blood and other body fluids, based on routine samples of liquid biopsy) (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal expression in PM may be involved in gene expression regulation and affect tumor progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier Research Stage: As a potential biomarker of PM, related research is ongoing | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | More multi-center, large-sample studies are needed to verify its diagnostic efficacy and clinical value | ||||
| Biomarker | lncRNAs (ATG5, GAS5, RP1-86D1.3) | Full name | Long non-coding RNAs (ATG5, GAS5, lncRNA-RP1-86D1.3) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（RNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Underlying diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Specific samples not specified (presumed to be blood and other body fluids, based on routine samples of liquid biopsy) (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal expression in PM may be involved in the regulatory processes related to tumorigenesis and development | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research stage: It has been proposed as a potential biomarker, and related research is in the exploratory stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | At present, only preliminary research has found that its diagnostic value and mechanism need to be further verified | ||||
| Biomarker | ctDNA | Full name | Circulating tumors DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acids (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Non-invasive diagnosis, clonal evolution monitoring, and drug resistance mechanism exploration |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | pleura Blood (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Carrying PM-related gene mutations or methylation abnormalities reflecting tumor genomic characteristics | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Cutting-edge research stage: It provides the possibility for non-invasive diagnosis of PM, but has not yet entered clinical application | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can be used for non-invasive diagnosis of PM, dynamic monitoring of tumor clonal evolution, and exploration of drug resistance mechanisms | ||||
| Biomarker | HA | Full name | Hyaluronic acid | Molecular Type | Polysaccharides |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and assistance improve diagnostic accuracy |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Pleural effusion (specific technology platform not specified | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Promotes the development of multiple cancers, plays a role in the PM-related microenvironment | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the verification stage of the study: the concentration in pleural effusion increased, and the diagnostic efficacy was similar to that of mesothelin | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The two-step diagnostic model can be constructed in combination with mesocortin in pleural effusion, which can further improve the diagnostic accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | FBLN3 | Full name | Fibronectin-3 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis(controversial), potential therapeutic targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, plasma, pleural effusion(specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Involved in extracellular matrix composition, abnormally expressed in PM | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study phase (diagnostic efficacy is controversial): Early studies showed high sensitivity and specificity (AUCROC 0.99), but subsequent studies failed to replicate the combined AUCROC of 0.91 | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | 1. Not a reliable prognostic indicator of PM; 2. Not suitable for assessing the response of patients with PM to immunotherapy; 3. It has been proposed as a potential molecular target to delay the progression of PM, and related treatment methods are being explored. 4. The conclusion of the comparison with SMRP diagnostic efficacy is unclear | ||||
| Biomarker | MSLN (and SMRP) | Full name | Mesothelin (and Soluble Mesothelin-Related Protein) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis,monitoring,potential therapeutic targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pleural Mesothelioma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | pleura | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, pleural effusion (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is normally expressed in mesothelial cells such as pleura and participates in cell adhesion. It is highly expressed in PM, and its soluble fragment SMRP can be present in body fluids | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Widely used in clinical practice: As a common diagnostic marker for PM, it has limited specificity and needs to be judged comprehensively based on clinical, imaging, and pathological results | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | 1. Elevated levels can also be seen in ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and benign pleural diseases; 2. It is a potential cancer treatment target; 3. Combined with hyaluronic acid, a two-step diagnostic model can be constructed, which can improve diagnostic accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | KIT | Full name | KIT Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | Molecular Type | Tyrosine kinase receptor (protein) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Seminoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Organization (Immunohistochemistry, Sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | KIT mutations are common and promote cell proliferation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Highly expressed in seminoma and associated with tumorigenesis. | ||||
| Biomarker | OCT3/4 | Full name | Octamer-binding Transcription Factor 3/4 | Molecular Type | Transcription factor (protein) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose, immunohistochemical markers for the identification of GCNIS, seminoma, and embryonal carcinoma. |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Seminoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue sections (immunohistochemistry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The key factor that maintains the pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, the abnormal expression of which in adult testicular tissue is a marker of malignant transformation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical pathology applications (gold standard tissue markers) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Note: It is a core component of diagnostic pathology reports, but classified as an invasive examination. | ||||
| Biomarker | CTCs | Full name | Circulating Tumor Cells | Molecular Type | Circulating tumor cells |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose, transfer monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | NSGCT (including teratoma) | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (cell separation, immunofluorescence) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cancer cells enter the bloodstream, potentially becoming metastatic sources. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High detection rates in metastatic and drug-resistant tumors; high technical challenges and insufficient standardization. | ||||
| Biomarker | microRNA (miR-146a、miR-155) | Full name | microRNA | Molecular Type | nucleic acid (non-coding RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Inflammatory regulation, potential biomarkers | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Joint (Synovium) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum and synovial tissue (qRT-PCR, RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | miR-146a inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway to negatively regulate inflammation, while miR-155 promotes Th17 cell differentiation; serum levels are associated with disease activity. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is expected to be developed as a novel therapeutic efficacy prediction biomarker, with the related detection kit currently in the preclinical validation stage. | ||||