| Biomarker | CTCs | Full name | Circulating tumor cells | Molecular Type | cell |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, staging reference, tumor burden assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is shed from the tumor tissue and enters the blood circulation, carrying the biological characteristics of the tumor tissue | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Supplementary means for clinical application: non-invasive, real-time detection | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are good, and can be used as a supplement for early diagnosis and disease staging | ||||
| Biomarker | cfDNA | Full name | Cell-Free DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic Acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma Extracellular Vesicles (qPCR, Sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Increased release of cfDNA in extracellular vesicles reflects cell injury and inflammation activation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | A novel non-invasive biomarker, associated with disease activity. | ||||
| Biomarker | ProGRP | Full name | Gastrin-releasing peptide precursor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening, disease progression monitoring, recurrence early warning |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | ProGRP is a precursor to gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), which promotes tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and is highly expressed in the serum of SCLC patients | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: Differential diagnosis performance is better than NSE, potential early screening marker | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Elevations in early SCLC precede radiographic abnormalities and have high specificity | ||||
| Biomarker | NSE | Full name | Neuron-specific enolase | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening, efficacy monitoring, and early warning of recurrence |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (specific technology platform not specified) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | SCLC cells have neuroendocrine properties and secrete NSE, a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, in large quantities | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: Commonly used serum markers, which need to be combined with clinical symptoms and imaging examinations | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It may be elevated in neuroblastoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pneumonia, meningitis and other diseases, and there are interfering factors | ||||
| Biomarker | Mismatch Negativity | Full name | Neurophysiological Indicator | Molecular Type | / |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | Brain | Core Functional Dimensions | Electroencephalogram (EEG, Time-Frequency Analysis) |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | NMDAR functional abnormalities lead to early auditory processing disorders, reflecting excitation-inhibition imbalance. | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | NMDAR functional abnormalities lead to early auditory processing disorders, reflecting excitation-inhibition imbalance. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Sensitive to D-serine and 5-HT3R antagonist treatment, can predict target engagement. | ||||
| Biomarker | ROS1 | Full name | c-ros Oncogene 1 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Targeted therapy guidance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue / Blood (Genetic Testing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Fusion genes drive tumors that are sensitive to ROS1 inhibitors | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (targeted therapy screening) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The incidence is 1%-2%, similar to the clinical features of ALK fusion, and the inhibitor effect is significant | ||||
| Biomarker | ALK | Full name | Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Targeted therapy guidance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue / Blood (Genetic Testing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Fusion genes cause tumorigenesis and can be specifically inhibited by ALK inhibitors | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (targeted therapy screening) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The incidence is 3% to 7%, and it is more common in young, non-smokers, or light smokers with lung adenocarcinoma | ||||
| Biomarker | FABP4 mRNA | Full name | Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 mRNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic Acid (Gene Expression) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Susceptibility |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Scalp Hair Follicles (RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Expression is downregulated in hair follicles, involved in myelin formation and abnormal lipid metabolism. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Related to GABAergic system function, a non-invasive genetic biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | EGFR | Full name | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Targeted therapy guidance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue / Blood (Genetic Testing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Driver gene mutations, exon 19 deletion, exon 21 L858R point mutation, and other types enhance TKIs sensitivity | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (targeted therapy screening) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The incidence of lung adenocarcinoma in Asia is about 50% and is a core screening marker for targeted therapy | ||||
| Biomarker | ctDNA | Full name | Circulating Tumor DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (nucleic acid test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Fragments of gene mutations released into the bloodstream by tumor cells carry tumor-specific genetic information | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research Validation / Clinical Application (Non-Invasive Diagnostics) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It enables non-invasive diagnosis and early screening, providing a diagnostic reference for patients who cannot obtain tissue samples | ||||
| Biomarker | NfL | Full name | Neurofilament Light Chain | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Cerebrospinal Fluid (SIMOA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A marker of neuronal axonal injury, reflecting the neurodegenerative process. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Under clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Positively correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment, can assess disease activity. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-21、miR-155、miR-200 family | Full name | MicroRNA-21、MicroRNA-155、MicroRNA-200 family | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（miRNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / Tissue (Nucleic Acid Testing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | miR-21 regulates tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN to promote tumorigenesis and development | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation (aided diagnosis) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Abnormal serum levels are associated with the risk of NSCLC and are potential auxiliary markers for screening and diagnosis | ||||
| Biomarker | CYFRA21-1 | Full name | Cytokeratin 19 Fragment Antigen 21-1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis,condition monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (routine test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | There is no specific mechanism and is expressed in both lung squamous cell carcinoma and non-squamous cell NSCLC | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (condition monitoring) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can be used as an adjunctive surveillance indicator for NSCLC progression | ||||
| Biomarker | SCC | Full name | Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (routine test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | There is no clear specific mechanism, and it is specific to lung squamous cell carcinoma | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (auxiliary diagnosis) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is mainly used as a reference for the diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma, and its use alone has limited value | ||||
| Biomarker | CEA | Full name | Carcinoembryonic Antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis,recurrence monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | / | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Diagnosis,recurrence monitoring | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (auxiliary diagnosis) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is widely used in NSCLC, with a high positive rate of lung adenocarcinoma, limited sensitivity and specificity, and needs to be combined with other tests | ||||
| Biomarker | FGF21 | Full name | fibroblast growth factor 21 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis assessment, tissue repair monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It has the functions of metabolic regulation, anti-inflammatory, and tissue repair, and is expressed in large quantities in liver and alveolar epithelial cells during pneumonia, regulating inflammatory response and lung tissue repair | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: used to predict complications and prognosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Persistent high expression after treatment indicates poor lung tissue repair and possible respiratory failure. A decline indicates improvement | ||||