| Biomarker | NT-proBNP | Full name | N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment, complication monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | B-type natriuretic peptide has no active precursor peptide, and when pneumonia causes hypoxia, lung inflammation and compression, or heart failure, the increase in ventricular load stimulates its release, which is positively correlated with ventricular pressure and volume load | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: reflects the state of cardiac function and indirectly suggests the effect of pneumonia on the circulatory system | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The higher the level of admission, the longer the hospital stay and the higher the mortality rate; It can be monitored for cardiac insufficiency | ||||
| Biomarker | Pro-ADM | Full name | Proadrenomyelin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment and condition monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inflammation, hypoxia and endothelial damage caused by pneumonia induce a large amount of it, and the level is positively correlated with the extent of pulmonary inflammation and the intensity of systemic inflammatory response | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: used to assess risk of adverse outcomes | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The higher the level of admission, the higher the rate of mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate of hospitalization. Changes in treatment predict prognosis | ||||
| Biomarker | PTX3 | Full name | n-pentamer 3 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, disease assessment, prognosis judgment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Long-chain Pentraxin family members, early inflammatory sensitive indicators, rapid secretion of lung parenchymal cells and immune cells during pneumonia, higher specificity than traditional inflammatory indicators | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / clinical application: It can distinguish between infectious and non-infectious lung inflammation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with CRP and PCT, it can improve the accuracy of pneumonia diagnosis | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-6 | Full name | Interleukin-6 | Molecular Type | Proteins (cytokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, early warning, and disease assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (cytokine detection technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Pleiotropic cytokines, synthesized by macrophages, monocytes and endothelial cells, are rapidly released after pathogen stimulation, earlier than the increase of CRP and PCT, initiate acute phase response, regulate immune cell activation, and participate in inflammatory amplification and tissue repair | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically validated: Early "warning signs" of inflammation for condition assessment | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can reflect the intensity of inflammation initiation and assist in early diagnosis and severity judgment | ||||
| Biomarker | SAA | Full name | Serum amyloid A | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, early identification, and preliminary judgment of the cause |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Acute phase response protein, which rises rapidly when pneumonia occurs, is more sensitive than traditional inflammatory markers | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: Assist in early identification of pneumonia and preliminary determination of etiology | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The sensitivity advantage is obvious, and it can be used in combination with other markers to improve diagnostic efficiency | ||||
| Biomarker | PCT | Full name | Procalcitonin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and antibiotic use guidance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Calcitonin precursor protein without hormonal activity, when bacterial infection, bacterial toxins and inflammatory factors induce a large number of synthesis of multiple tissues and organs throughout the body, and the level is directly related to the severity of bacterial infection. Viral infections or non-infectious inflammation have minimal impact | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: Mainly used for the auxiliary diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia and guiding the use of antibiotics | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is highly specific to bacterial infection and is a key marker to distinguish bacterial and non-bacterial pneumonia | ||||
| Biomarker | CRP | Full name | C-reactive protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening, and condition assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | pneumonia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (routine test, hypersensitivity test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Acute time-phase reactive proteins synthesized by inflammation stimulate the liver, bind to polysaccharides or damaged cellular components on the surface of pathogens, activate the complement system, promote phagocytic phagocytosis, and participate in anti-infective immunity. The magnitude of the increase is positively correlated with the severity of inflammation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Widely used in clinical practice: Traditional inflammatory markers, ultrasensitive CRP (hsCRP) further improve the accuracy of low-concentration detection | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is suitable for pneumonia screening, auxiliary diagnosis and severity assessment, and has mature application scenarios | ||||
| Biomarker | MT-RNA | Full name | Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（RNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and surveillance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Clinical Samples (RNA Detection Technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | MTB has a short lifespan of mRNA, and its concentration decreases reflect a reduction in pathogens after treatment, which can dynamically reflect disease changes | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: mRNA-based assays monitor pathogen changes during treatment | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can reflect disease progression and treatment response in real time, and is suitable for dynamic monitoring of treatment effect | ||||
| Biomarker | MicroRNAs | Full name | MicroRNAs (has-miR-196b, has-miR-376c) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（RNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum（RNA-seq、RT-PCR） | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The expression of specific miRNAs is upregulated or downregulated after tuberculosis infection, reflecting changes at the molecular level of the body | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research exploration: Some miRNAs have diagnostic potential verified by RT-PCR, but the sample size is limited | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Thirty differentially expressing miRNAs (24 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated) have been identified, and the lack of large-sample validation cohorts limits global applicability | ||||
| Biomarker | FCGRIB | Full name | FCGRIB gene | Molecular Type | Nucleic acids (DNA / transcriptome) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (combined transcriptome and proteome test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | This gene is significantly upregulated after tuberculosis infection, and the combination with other genes can reflect the infection status | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: High sensitivity (94%) and specificity (97%) in small case-control studies | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with LTF, guanylate binding protein 5, CD64, Granzyme A to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) | ||||
| Biomarker | D-Serine | Full name | D-Serine | Molecular Type | Amino Acid Metabolite |
| Molecular Formula | C3H7NO3 | Molecular Weight | C3H7NO3 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Pharmacodynamics/Response |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Cerebrospinal Fluid (LC-MS/MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulates NMDAR function; supplementation can improve negative symptoms and MMN deficits. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Serves as a target for NMDAR modulators, positively correlated with treatment response. | ||||
| Biomarker | Metabolites (ketones, lactic acid, pyruvate, etc) | Full name | Metabolites (ketones, lactic acid, pyruvate, etc) | Molecular Type | Small molecule metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, differential diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, plasma (NMAGRI / NMR, GC-TOFMS, LC-MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tuberculosis infection affects the body's metabolic processes, leading to alterations in the expression levels of specific metabolites | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: 30 differential metabolites have been identified, some of which distinguish tuberculosis from other diseases | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression of 17 types in the serum of tuberculosis patients was significantly higher than that of the control group, and ketone bodies, lactate, and pyruvate could distinguish tuberculosis from community-acquired pneumonia, diabetes, and cancer | ||||
| Biomarker | Cu/Zn | Full name | Copper (Cu)/Zinc (Zn) | Molecular Type | Trace Elements |
| Molecular Formula | Cu/Zn | Molecular Weight | 63.55/65.38 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility, Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Hair/Plasma (ICP-MS, PIXE) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Elevated copper causes oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; decreased zinc affects neurodevelopment and synaptic function. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Characteristic changes of elevated copper and decreased zinc in hair, associated with metabolic parameters. | ||||
| Biomarker | MLR | Full name | Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio | Molecular Type | Inflammation-related ratio (cellular level) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, screening |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (routine blood test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | MTB predominantly infects myeloid cells, resulting in an increase in monocytes relative to lymphocytes | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: Shows high sensitivity and specificity in pediatric HIV patients and adults with or without HIV infection | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is more specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a potential biomarker that needs to be further validated with microbiological markers | ||||
| Biomarker | NLR | Full name | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | Molecular Type | Inflammation-related ratio (cellular level) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | tuberculosis | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Lung | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (routine blood test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tuberculosis infection triggers an inflammatory response that affects the balance of neutrophils and lymphocytes | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research Exploration: Widely explored for TB diagnosis, but lacks specificity | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Non-tuberculosis-specific indicators, associated with other infectious diseases, have controversial cut-off values and need to be used in combination with other markers | ||||
| Biomarker | Hair Cortisol | Full name | Hair Cortisol | Molecular Type | Hormone |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Hair (LC-MS/MS, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | HPA axis dysfunction, abnormal long-term stress response, associated with childhood trauma and symptom severity. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High result heterogeneity, can reflect long-term HPA axis status, need to exclude interference from cosmetic treatments. | ||||