| Biomarker | eGFR | Full name | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | Molecular Type | Functional parameter |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, staging and prognosis judgment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum ( based on biochemical test results + formula calculation ) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Through endogenous markers such as creatinine and cystatin C, combined with age, gender and other parameters, calculated by formulas ( such as CKD-EPI, Cockcroft-Gault ), glomerular filtration function is indirectly reflected. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine use ( core diagnostic indicators ) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | CKD diagnostic criteria : GFR < 60 mL / min / 1.73 m 2 for 3 months ; the new CKD-EPI equation removes ethnic variables and reduces population bias ; it should be combined with the evidence of renal injury ( such as albuminuria ) to make a comprehensive judgment | ||||
| Biomarker | Alb | Full name | Albuminuria | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Renal function assessment, disease staging | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine ( routine biochemical detection, immunoturbidimetry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflecting glomerular filtration barrier damage, elevated levels suggest kidney damage | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Early sensitivity is limited, and non-albuminuria diabetic nephropathy cannot be identified. It is often used as a reference control for new markers. | ||||
| Biomarker | Cys-C | Full name | Cystatin C | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Renal function assessment, disease staging | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood ( immunoturbidimetry ) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | All nucleated cells are constantly generated and freely pass through glomerular filtration, reflecting changes in GFR. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is more sensitive than serum creatinine, but it still cannot meet the needs of CKD Early diagnosis. It is often used in combination with creatinine for eGFR estimation. | ||||
| Biomarker | HbA1c | Full name | Glycated hemoglobin | Molecular Type | Protein modification of body |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Metabolic Syndrome | Disease Subtypes | Insulin resistance, | ||
| Organ | Blood | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, immune turbidimetric method) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflect 2-3 months average blood glucose levels, rising prompt sugar metabolic disorders for a long time | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: prompt, abnormal glucose tolerance for MetS merged diabetes risk stratification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with fasting blood glucose, it can reduce the interference of stress hyperglycemia | ||||
| Biomarker | Cr | Full name | Creatinine | Molecular Type | Metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | C₄H₇N₃O | Molecular Weight | 113.12 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Renal function assessment, disease staging |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood ( routine biochemical tests ) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Muscle metabolic waste is excreted through glomerular filtration, and elevated levels reflect reduced GFR. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Affected by muscle mass and diet, it is only suitable for the evaluation of middle and late CKD, and cannot identify early renal function injury. | ||||
| Biomarker | FBG | Full name | Fasting blood glucose | Molecular Type | Metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | C₆H₁₂O₆ | Molecular Weight | 180.16 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and surveillance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Metabolic Syndrome | Disease Subtypes | Insulin resistance, | ||
| Organ | Pancreas/Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma (glucose oxidase method, hexokinase method) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Insulin resistance leads to impaired glucose uptake and utilization and imbalance of blood glucose homeostasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: diagnostic core index (≥100 mg/dL), combined with other indicators to diagnose MetS | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can promote blood glucose metabolic abnormalities associated with HbA1c evaluation accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | CD4 count, neutrophil count | Full name | Cluster of differentiation 4 cell count, neutrophil count | Molecular Type | Count of immune cells/cells |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | NHL | Disease Subtypes | HIV-DLBCL | ||
| Organ | Lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (Complete Blood Count, Flow Cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | CD4<150 cells/μL and neutrophilia are associated with poor prognosis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation phase: validation of 76 patients, requiring guideline inclusion and protocol stability assessment. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Validation of the era value of immunotherapy and exploration of clinical translation of MO-Y detection. | ||||
| Biomarker | MI | Full name | Inositol (myo-inositol) | Molecular Type | Metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | C₆H₁₂O₆ | Molecular Weight | 180.16 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and intervention targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Metabolism of thyroid dysfunction (related) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid/Systemic | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/organization (NMR, LC - MS/MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in the thyroid hormone synthesis signaling pathway and regulates iodine metabolism | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Lower in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | MI supplementation improves TSH sensitivity | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-126 | Full name | microRNA-126 | Molecular Type | Small RNA |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (non-coding RNA-related) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/tissue (RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targeting inhibition of PI3K - AKT pathway, regulate the thyroid cell function | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Hyperthyroidism patients with low expression, and the degree of the hypermetabolism | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Outside the secrete body miR - 126 detection can improve the early diagnostic sensitivity | ||||
| Biomarker | circRNA_102171 | Full name | Circular RNA 102171 | Molecular Type | Circular RNA |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (noncoding rnas) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum secrete body/groups (RT - qPCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combining CTNNBIP1, activate the Wnt pathways, involved in thyroid cell damage | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | AUC 0.85 JiaJian patients with high expression of diagnosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be used as a noninvasive liquid biopsy markers | ||||
| Biomarker | APOE E4 | Full name | Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele | Molecular Type | Nucleic acids (DNA polymorphism) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (genetic correlation) | ||
| Organ | Systemic/Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (genotyping, sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It affects lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, and is associated with thyroid dysfunction | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The E4 allele is associated with elevated TSH | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | May be affected by adjusting the NO generation thyroid function | ||||
| Biomarker | MTHFR rs1800469 | Full name | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism | Molecular Type | Nucleic acids (DNA polymorphism) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility and risk prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (genetic correlation) | ||
| Organ | Systemic/Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (genotyping, PCR - RFLP) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Effect of folic acid metabolism and lead to an elevated homocysteine, aggravating thyroid lesions | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | T allele carriers JiaJian increased risk | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Interaction with TSH levels | ||||
| Biomarker | Cd | Full name | Cadmium | Molecular Type | Trace elements |
| Molecular Formula | Cd | Molecular Weight | 112.41 | Core Functional Dimensions | Associated risk prediction, causes |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (trace element) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/urine (icp-ms, aas) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Induced oxidative stress and destroy the thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Excessive exposure JiaJian, thyroid cancer risk are related | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | With Se joint detection can improve the accuracy of risk assessment | ||||
| Biomarker | Se | Full name | Selenium | Molecular Type | Trace elements |
| Molecular Formula | Se | Molecular Weight | 78.96 | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring and intervention evaluation |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Thyroid dysfunction (trace element) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum thyroid organization/(ICP - engage, HPLC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participate in synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant protection of thyroid cells | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The low level is associated with autoimmune thyroiditis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Added Se can reduce TPOAb drops of degrees | ||||
| Biomarker | PD-L1 | Full name | Programmed death-ligand 1 | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Immunotherapy prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Graves' disease (autoimmune) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Thyroid tissue (IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inhibition of T cell activity, to participate in the immune escape and autoimmune disease | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Thyroid tissue expression, suggesting potential targets for immunotherapy | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with tumor mutation burden to optimize immunotherapy screening | ||||
| Biomarker | IgG4 | Full name | IgG4 | Molecular Type | antibody |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Typing and disease assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Graves' disease (autoimmune) | ||
| Organ | Orbit/Systemic | Test Sample / Technology Platform | (ELISA, serum immune turbidimetry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in the pathological process of Graves' ophthalmopathy and regulates the immune response | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Graves ophthalmopathy activity increased | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Which can be taken as reference to eye disease condition monitoring and therapeutic targets | ||||