| Biomarker | LGALS3BP (glycosylated isoform) | Full name | Lectin, galactoside binding, soluble, 3 binding protein (Galectin-3 Binding Protein) | Molecular Type | Glycoprotein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis & therapeutic target |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue, urine, serum (LC-MS/MS, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Over-expressed in tissue; elevated in urine & serum; glycosylation affects antibody recognition | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | ADC (1959-sss/DM4) validated in animal models; diagnostic value under investigation | ||||
| Biomarker | FTO | Full name | Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protei | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis & therapeutic target |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue (qRT-PCR, WB) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | m⁶A-dependent regulation via FTO/miR-576/CDK6 axis; over-expression linked to poor prognosis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Clear oncogenic pathway; promising drug-able target | ||||
| Biomarker | NOX4 | Full name | NADPH Oxidase 4 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis & prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue (qRT-PCR, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Interacts with SH3YL1; significantly up-regulated in MIBC vs NMIBC; drives invasion-related processes | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Important for MIBC aggressiveness; mechanistic exploitation ongoing | ||||
| Biomarker | PKCα | Full name | Protein Kinase C alpha | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis & urine marker |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Elevated in cancer tissue and in urine of orthotopic xenograft mice; reflects tumour burden | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Research verification stage | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Non-invasive, cost-effective; large multicentre validation needed | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Non-invasive, cost-effective; large multicentre validation needed | ||||
| Biomarker | circHIPK3 | Full name | Circular RNA Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 3 | Molecular Type | Circular RNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis & potential biomarker |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Not specified | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Top bladder-cancer-associated circRNA; implicated in oncogenic pathway modulation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification (in-silico prediction) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Identified by integrated CDA-EnRWLRLS model; requires experimental & clinical validation | ||||
| Biomarker | ITIH5 gene promoter methylation | Full name | Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5 gene promoter methylation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA methylation) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Early non-invasive diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (qMSP, dPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumour-suppressor; methylation detectable in urine cfDNA; combinatorial assay increases performance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined EI-BLA test reaches 64–70 % sensitivity & 97 % specificity | ||||
| Biomarker | ECRG4 gene promoter methylation | Full name | Esophageal Cancer Related Gene 4 gene promoter methylation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA methylation) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis (epigenetic) |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (qMSP) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumour-suppressor gene; promoter hyper-methylation occurs early; detectable in urine for screening | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Early epigenetic event; sensitivity improved when combined with ITIH5 methylation | ||||
| Biomarker | NMP22 | Full name | Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 | Molecular Type | Protein (nuclear-matrix protein) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis (apoptosis-related) |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (NMP22® assay kit) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Quantifies NMP22 released during tumor-cell apoptosis; sensitivity superior to cytology | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | FDA-cleared; clinic-ready quantitative kit | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | False positives in cystitis, BPH or after instrumentation; recommend adjuvant use | ||||
| Biomarker | UCy | Full name | Urine cytology | Molecular Type | Cellular (abnormal exfoliated cells) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis (specific screening) |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Bladder Cancer (BC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bladder | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (cytospin & microscopy) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Morphological identification of atypical tumor cells in voided urine; specificity ≈ 100 % | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical practice; pathologist-dependent | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Low sensitivity for low-grade or small-volume tumors; insufficient as stand-alone early-detection tool | ||||
| Biomarker | Leptin | Full name | leptin | Molecular Type | hormone |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Metabolic Syndrome | Disease Subtypes | Centricity fueling | ||
| Organ | Adipose Tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA and chemiluminescence method) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The secretion of adipocytes is increased, the inhibition of appetite is weakened, and the inflammation and insulin resistance are promoted | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary application: used to assess degree of fat metabolism disorder, severity of leptin resistance and the MetS are related | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | And adiponectin ratio can better reflect the metabolic imbalances | ||||
| Biomarker | WC | Full name | Waist circumference | Molecular Type | Physiological indexes |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and risk prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Metabolic Syndrome | Disease Subtypes | Central obesity type | ||
| Organ | Adipose Tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Anthropometric measurement (flexible rule) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Centricity and adipose accumulation and release of free fatty acids and proinflammatory factor, induce insulin resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: diagnostic core indicators reflect the visceral fat load | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with BMI obesity related metabolic risk assessment accuracy can be improved | ||||
| Biomarker | Aldosterone | Full name | Aldosterone | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁H₂₈O₅ | Molecular Weight | 360.44 | Core Functional Dimensions | Auxiliary diagnosis and classification |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Metabolic Syndrome | Disease Subtypes | High blood pressure type | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Gland/Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma (ria method, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Promote water sodium retention, increased blood pressure, participate in metabolic disorders | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary application: identification of primary aldosteronism hypertension associated with MetS | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined detection with renin can improve the accuracy of classification | ||||
| Biomarker | 5-MTP | Full name | 5-Methoxytryptophan | Molecular Type | Metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₃ | Molecular Weight | 234.25 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Early screening, Risk stratification |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine ( mass spectrometry, proteomics detection ) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulating inflammation and fibrosis pathways, abnormal levels are associated with CKD progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Inhibiting NF-κB pathway can improve CKD-induced cerebrovascular injury, which has the potential of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. | ||||
| Biomarker | CKD273 panel | Full name | Chronic Kidney Disease 273 urinary peptide biomarker panel | Molecular Type | Protein（Specific peptides) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early screening, risk stratification | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine ( mass spectrometry, proteomics detection ) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is composed of 273 urinary peptides, reflecting CKD-related molecular network abnormalities. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available ( in vitro diagnostic reagents ) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Prognostic value in predicting the risk of progression to microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes has been endorsed by the U.S. FDA and is being used for patient stratification in a multicenter PRIORITY trial. | ||||
| Biomarker | Gal-3 | Full name | Galectin-3 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis、Prognostic judgment、Early warning of complications | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine, blood ( protein detection, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It promotes renal fibrosis and inflammatory response, and is associated with cardiovascular risk. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Some clinical applications / Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is negatively correlated with eGFR in patients with diabetic nephropathy, which can be used as an early warning indicator of CKD complicated with cardiovascular disease, and has both renal and cardiovascular risk assessment value. | ||||
| Biomarker | VNN1 | Full name | Vanin 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis、Condition monitoring | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine, blood ( protein detection, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress in renal tubules, and the expression is up-regulated after injury, reflecting the dysfunction of renal tubules. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Some clinical applications / Research verification stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The level of urinary Vanin 1 in hypertensive patients is negatively correlated with eGFR and positively correlated with urinary protein creatinine ratio, which is a potential marker of hypertension-related CKD. | ||||