| Biomarker | Endotrophin | Full name | C-terminal propeptide of type VI collagen 伪3 chain (PRO-C6) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (specific antibody detection) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The carboxy-terminal propeptide of type VI collagen α3 chain is involved in local fibrosis and metabolic disorders related pathological processes. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The validation: high expression in liver cirrhosis and metabolism related liver disease, associated with the liver inflammation, insulin resistance. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be used as a metabolic complications associated risk prediction markers in patients with cirrhosis, its severity level and liver cirrhosis is related. | ||||
| Biomarker | PRO-C3 | Full name | N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflect the type III collagen synthesis, associated with hepatic stellate cell activation, is the key to the progress of liver fibrosis markers. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: in alcoholic liver disease, MASLD related cirrhosis has proven its level associated with the degree of fibrosis, and can be used to assess disease progression and response to treatment. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can distinguish between liver fibrosis and other liver diseases, combined other markers can improve the diagnostic accuracy, and is the important index prediction of the progress of cirrhosis. | ||||
| Biomarker | Golgi protein 73 (GP73) | Full name | Golgi protein 73 / Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | |||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, chemiluminescence immunoassay, latex particle-enhanced turbidimetry, etc.) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Involved in inflammation and fibrosis related pathological process, when the liver injury significantly increased expression in liver cells, serum level is associated with severe cirrhosis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Validation/clinical exploration: several studies have confirmed that the serum GP73 significantly increased in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, some studies have shown that the diagnosis accuracy of medium, can be used as a noninvasive alternative markers. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The comparability of different detection methods is not clear, and the individual variability is insufficient. Further large-scale clinical validation is needed to determine the uniform cut-off value. | ||||
| Biomarker | APOE ε4 | Full name | Apolipoprotein Eε4 allele | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (genotyping) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Influence of lipid metabolism, especially related to cleared A beta efficiency is lower, carried A beta risk and time in advance. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical available (risk assessment) : conventional genetic tests available, but only for risk assessment, is not used for diagnosis. Important ethical issues are involved. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is the core variable of establishing risk stratification model; It is also an important stratification factor in treatment trials. | ||||
| Biomarker | GFAP | Full name | Glial fibrillary acidic protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility, early diagnosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (SIMOA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A sign of astrocyte activation. In AD, they may be activated early in the pathological response to Aβ. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research: a large amount of evidence shows that it changes in the presymptomatic stage and is a potential risk warning marker. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is highly correlated with Aβ pathology and may reflect changes in the brain earlier than p-tau. | ||||
| Biomarker | Neurofilament light Chain (NfL) | Full name | Neurofilament light polypeptide | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | CSF/Plasma (SIMOA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cytoskeletal proteins released after axonal injury are nonspecific markers of neuronal injury. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research/clinical monitoring tools: widely used in clinical trials for effectiveness monitoring indicators; It is used clinically to evaluate the overall progress of neurodegenerative diseases. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is elevated in a variety of diseases such as AD, MS, ALS, and is used to evaluate disease activity and treatment response. | ||||
| Biomarker | p-tau (181, 217) | Full name | Phosphorylated Tau (at threonine 181, 217) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | CSF/plasma (SIMOA, IP-MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Hyperphosphorylation of Tau leads to neurofibrillary tangles that disrupt the neuronal cytoskeleton. p-tau is a direct product of this process. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation/guideline recommendation: CSF p-tau is the core marker for the diagnosis of AD; Plasma p-tau217 showed excellent diagnostic performance. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | p-tau217 is more specific than p-tau181 and is a star molecule for the next generation of blood markers. | ||||
| Biomarker | Aβ42/40 ratio | Full name | Amyloid-β 42/40 ratio | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, susceptibility | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Liver Cirrhosis | Disease Subtypes | Compensated, Decompensated | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | CSF/Plasma (SIMOA, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Aβ42 aggregates into oligomers and plaques, leading to neurotoxicity; Aβ40 was relatively stable. Ratio reduction is A more reliable indicator of Aβ pathology than single indicator. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation/early clinical: CSF testing was included in the study criteria; Plasma testing is being validated on a large scale. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Plasma Aβ42/40 is A hot spot for early screening and population screening, and it is expected to enter clinical practice. | ||||
| Biomarker | ABRS-P | Full name | AFP-Based Risk Score - Pathological | Molecular Type | Composite index (morphology +RNA signature) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma (ELISA, RIA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Liver cancer cell abnormal expression of embryonic proteins, involved in tumor proliferation and immune suppression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical available (routine screening) : separate the detection sensitivity, 47-64% combined ultrasonic can be improved to 63% | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The traditional core marker, AFP≥400 ng/mL, can predict the benefit of ramucirumab treatment. A decrease of >20% at 2-8 weeks after treatment indicated a good response | ||||
| Biomarker | Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab Response Signature (ABRS) | Full name | Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab Response Signature | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (RNA signature) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Predicting treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Based on multi-gene expression characteristics, it reflects the status of tumor immunity and angiogenesis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: high expression patients received combination therapy PFS is prolonged | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | This study provides a molecular basis for the selection of patients for combination therapy | ||||
| Biomarker | CTNNB1 mutation | Full name | Catenin beta-1 gene mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA mutation) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction of treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | - Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue /ctDNA (NGS, digital PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Encoding protein beta serial, mutations can lead to Wnt pathways activated continuously, promoting tumor proliferation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The validation: mutant atezolizumab + bevacizumab therapy in patients with OS is shorter | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Is immune to potential biomarkers for the treatment of drug resistance | ||||
| Biomarker | Tumor - Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) | Full name | Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes | Molecular Type | Cells (immune cells) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, predict the immune response to treatment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Infiltration of immune cells in the tumor tissue (CD8 + T cells, CD38 + T cells, etc.), mediated antitumor immunity | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Validation: high-density CD8 + T cells infiltrating prompt better prognosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | hsa_circ_0064428 can be used as a predictor of TILs | ||||
| Biomarker | Intestinal flora (Lachnospiraceae bacterium - GAM79, Veillonellaceae, etc.) | Full name | Gut microbiota (e.g., specific taxa) | Molecular Type | microbial |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | To predict response to immunotherapy | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Stool (16S rRNA sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Through the gut - regulating the liver immune liver axis, ICIs curative effect | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research: Enrichment of specific microbiota is associated with benefit from immunotherapy | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Joint metabolites (such as galanthaminone) can improve the prediction accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | CRAFITY score (CRP+AFP) | Full name | CRP and AFP Index for Immunotherapy | Molecular Type | Composite index (inflammatory index + protein) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Predicting response to immunotherapy | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA+ algorithm) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Based on inflammatory factors and tumor markers, it can reflect the inflammatory state of tumor microenvironment | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: score two points (AFP 100 ng/mL + or higher CRP 1 mg/dL or higher) in patients with disease control rates decreased significantly | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is simple and easy to perform and suitable for rapid clinical evaluation | ||||
| Biomarker | AAP score (AFP+ALBI grade+PIVKA-II) | Full name | AFP, ALBI grade, and PIVKA-II score | Molecular Type | Composite index (protein + liver function parameters) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | To predict response to immunotherapy | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA+ liver function test + algorithm) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor markers and liver function status were integrated to assess treatment tolerance and efficacy | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | It can effectively predict the effect of PD-1 inhibitor treatment | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Do well in the Asian HBV associated HCC patients | ||||
| Biomarker | Hepatic Immune Predictive Index (HIPI) | Full name | Hepatic Immune Predictive Index | Molecular Type | Composite index (inflammation index + protein) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, predict the immune response to treatment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (blood routine + ELISA + algorithm) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Based on NLR and AFP building, reflecting the immune liver and tumor load | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | High HIPI score indicates poor prognosis of ICIs treatment | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be used in patients with immunotherapy initial risk stratification | ||||