| Biomarker | Platelet - Lymphocyte thewire (PLR) | Full name | Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio | Molecular Type | Hematology indexes |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction of immune-related adverse reactions | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (routine blood test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflect inflammatory and blood coagulation state, high PLR suggests tumor progression increased risk | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | This study verified that PLR>300 was an independent risk factor for irAEs (≥ grade 2) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The combination of PLR and NLR can optimize the prognostic stratification efficiency | ||||
| Biomarker | Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) | Full name | Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio | Molecular Type | Hematological parameters |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction of treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (routine blood test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflect the state of systemic inflammation, high NLR hint immunosuppression microenvironment | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically useful (prognostic evaluation) : independent prognostic indicator, negatively correlated with ICIs response | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be integrated into the HIPI, CRAFITY composite scoring system, etc | ||||
| Biomarker | Microsatellite Instability (MSI) | Full name | Microsatellite Instability | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Predicting response to immunotherapy | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue /ctDNA (NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | DNA mismatch repair defects lead to abnormal microsatellite sequences and enhance immunogenicity | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The incidence of MSI-H in HCC is low (<5%), and it only has predictive value for some patients | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | MSI -h HCC patients may benefit from PD - 1 inhibitor treatment | ||||
| Biomarker | Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) | Full name | Tumor Mutational Burden | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Predicting response to immunotherapy | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/ctDNA (NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The total number of non-synonymous mutations in the tumor genome, high TMB can produce more neoantigens | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: The incidence of high TMB in HCC is low, and its value as a predictor alone is limited | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The combination of TMB and TILs can improve the accuracy of ICIs efficacy prediction | ||||
| Biomarker | PD-L1 | Full name | Programmed death-ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | To predict immunotherapy response and prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue /CTCs (IHC, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor cell surface molecules, combined with PD-1, inhibit T cell activation and mediate immune escape | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: The correlation between PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue and the efficacy of ICIs is not clear | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | PD-L1+CTCs can more dynamically reflect the response to immunotherapy and is a potential predictor | ||||
| Biomarker | Outside the secrete body related markers (EV - derived GPC3, AFP mRNA, miR - 21-5 p) | Full name | Extracellular vesicle (Exosome)-derived markers (e.g., GPC3 protein/mRNA, AFP mRNA, miR-21-5p) | Molecular Type | Cell derivatives (containing protein /RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma lactate (overspeed centrifugal + ELISA/qRT - PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Exosomes released by tumor cells carry tumor-specific molecules and mediate intercellular communication | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | This study verified that the diagnostic efficiency of exosomal GPC3 was better than that of serum GPC3 | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Exosomal proteins such as CCT8 and CFL1 are related to vascular invasion and can be used for prognostic stratification | ||||
| Biomarker | MALAT1, LINC00152, Linc00974 etc | Full name | Long non-coding RNAs (e.g., MALAT1, LINC00152, Linc00974) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acids (RNA, long non-coding RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/tumor tissue (qRT - PCR, RNA - seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Control the miRNA expression or chromatin reconstruction, promote EMT and tumor metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Cutting-edge research: serum LINC00152 can distinguish between HCC and liver cirrhosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with AFP, LINC00152 can improve the diagnostic specificity and is expected to be included in the composite marker panel | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-9, miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-1246, etc. (Circular) | Full name | Circular and other microRNAs | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Surveillance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma/plasma exosomes (qRT-PCR, digital PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Circulating mirnas have high stability, and their expression changes reflect tumor progression and treatment response | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Validation: multiple studies confirm related to OS, DFS | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Secrete body outside the miRNA detection sensitivity is better than that of free micrornas, is a hot spot in the liquid biopsy | ||||
| Biomarker | MiR - 21, miR - 122, miR - 192, miR - 26 a, a miR - 29 (including organization/circular) | Full name | MicroRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-122, miR-192, miR-26a, miR-29) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, predict treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma/tumor tissue (qRT-PCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It regulates the expression of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes and participates in tumor proliferation, invasion and drug resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: many micrornas panel in the diagnosis of early HCC AUC 0.824 to 0.977 | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | miR-21 was associated with sorafenib resistance, and miR-1246 could predict early recurrence after surgery | ||||
| Biomarker | Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) | Full name | Cell-free DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (NGS, NEEM-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | There are differences in the characteristics of circulating cell-free DNA between HCC patients and healthy people, reflecting tumor burden | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: age, AFP building model, specificity of 100% | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The combined detection of 5hmC and 5mC can improve the accuracy of recurrence prediction | ||||
| Biomarker | Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) | Full name | Circulating Tumor DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (NGS, digital PCR, methylation sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Mutated DNA fragments released by apoptosis/necrosis of tumor cells reflect the mutation spectrum of tumor genes | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | TERT, TP53, CTNNB1 and other mutations could be detected | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Methylation ctDNA markers (such as DBX2, TGR5) in early diagnosis of the sensitivity of 87%, is expected to be in clinical | ||||
| Biomarker | Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) | Full name | Circulating Tumor Cells | Molecular Type | Cells |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | |||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | Peripheral blood (flow cytometry, microfluidic chip, CellSearch platform) | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | As "seed" of metastasis, through EMT adapt to the environment, promote the distant metastasis | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and prediction of treatment response | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation/clinical monitoring tool: EpCAM+CTCs≥2 indicates an increased risk of postoperative recurrence | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined detection of mRNA can improve the sensitivity, and PD-L1+CTCs are associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy | ||||
| Biomarker | GALAD model (age + sex +AFP+AFP-L3+DCP) | Full name | Gender, Age, AFP-L3, AFP, DCP | Molecular Type | Composite index (protein + clinical parameters) |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA+ algorithm analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | To improve the specificity and sensitivity of HCC diagnosis by integrating multi-dimensional parameters | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In clinical practice, clinical validation: better than single marker, for early HCC detection efficiency | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Multi-center clinical validation is underway, and it is expected to become a standardized screening tool | ||||
| Biomarker | Midkine (MDK) | Full name | Midkine | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Heparin combined with growth factors, promote cell proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The validation: high sensitivity for AFP negative HCC diagnosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It shows potential in differentiating early-stage HCC from cirrhosis | ||||
| Biomarker | Osteopontin (SPP1) | Full name | Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Osteopontin) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor microenvironment secreted protein, and promote the tumor invasion and angiogenesis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: the expression was increased in early HCC and correlated with recurrence | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can be used as an auxiliary indicator for prognostic risk stratification | ||||
| Biomarker | Golgi protein 73 (GP73) | Full name | Golgi protein 73 / Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Liver | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/tumor tissue (ELISA, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Golgi protein, increased liver cancer cells, involved in tumor progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | It has complementary diagnostic value for AFP-negative HCC | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | EV-derived GP73 mRNA can be used for therapeutic monitoring | ||||