| Biomarker | piR-017061 | Full name | piRNA-017061 | Molecular Type | piRNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Tumor suppressor, therapeutic target | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissues and cell lines (next-generation sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Belong to the suppressor piRNA, forming complexes with PIWIL1, degradation EFNA5 mRNA, inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Basic research stage: in vitro and in vivo experiments to verify its tumor suppressive effect and provide ideas for therapeutic targets | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Cut in PDAC organization, its control shaft/PIWIL1 EFNA5 piR - 017061 is expected to become a key pathway for the treatment of intervention | ||||
| Biomarker | PiR - 366845. | Full name | piRNA-366845 | Molecular Type | piRNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis differential | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissues, Cell lines (Next generation sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | By PIWIL4 regulation, the pancreas in health and normal cell lines high expression, expressed PDAC cells significantly lower, with tumor suppressor related function | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Basic research stage: Its expression differences have been verified by NGS, showing diagnostic potential | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | They are low expression in PDAC cell lines and high expression in normal PDAC tissues, which are potential diagnostic differential markers, but need to be further verified in clinical samples | ||||
| Biomarker | PiR - 162725. | Full name | piRNA-162725 | Molecular Type | piRNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis, differential diagnosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (liquid biopsy), tissue (next generation sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Driven by PIWIL3 expression, enrichment in the MAPK, TGF - beta and Hippo to promote tumor signaling pathways, involved in regulating cell proliferation and tumor | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: detected in liquid biopsy, PDAC can be distinguished from healthy people and precancerous lesions | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | And CA19-9 joint diagnosis sensitivity can be increased from about 75% to 89.7%, does not affect the clinical treatment strategy choice, just as a diagnostic aid markers | ||||
| Biomarker | SPARC | Full name | Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment and prediction of treatment response | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue and serum (immunohistochemical, mass spectrometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | That is, an acidic secreted protein rich in cysteine, which is highly expressed in tumor stromal fibroblasts, participates in tumor matrix remodeling and drug delivery barrier formation, and its expression is related to the response to albumin-bound paclitaxel treatment | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical Availability Status Clinical research phase: used for prognostic stratification and treatment selection | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Source of stromal SPARC is adverse prognostic markers, and high expression in patients with albumin combined with paclitaxel therapy significantly extended, the median overall survival guide markers can be used as personalized treatment | ||||
| Biomarker | MIC-1 | Full name | Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, is abnormally secreted in the tumor microenvironment and participates in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and immunosuppression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the clinical research phase, it can be elevated in patients with early PDAC, including CA19-9 negative cases | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The sensitivity of CA19-9 is better than that of CA19-9, but the specificity is low. The expression of CA19-9 decreases after surgery and increases again when recurrence occurs. It has the potential for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring | ||||
| Biomarker | OPN | Full name | Osteopontin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Differential diagnosis and prognostic evaluation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic duct (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Osteopontin, by regulating cell adhesion, migration, and inflammatory reaction involved in tumor progression, its rise and reduce tumor invasive enhancement, survival | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: it can distinguish PDAC from chronic pancreatitis, and the combination of TIMP-1 and CA19-9 can improve the diagnostic efficiency | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | When the cut-off value is > 102 ng/ml, it is meaningful to distinguish PDAC from chronic pancreatitis, and high expression indicates poor prognosis | ||||
| Biomarker | CEACAM1 | Full name | Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, differential diagnosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, tissues (immunohistochemistry, mass spectrometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily, involved in intercellular communication, proliferation and invasion regulation and expression in PDAC, can distinguish between PDAC and healthy people and precancerous lesions | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is better than that of CA19-9, joint CA19-9 can improve accuracy | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression of CA19-9 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) has been abnormal, which is expected to be used for monitoring and early diagnosis of precancerous lesions | ||||
| Biomarker | Tu M2-PK | Full name | Tumor M2 pyruvate kinase | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis (advanced stage) | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Enzyme activity measurement) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor pyruvate kinase isoenzyme, as a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is abnormally expressed in tumor cells and promotes tumor metabolic reprogramming | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: it is significantly elevated in patients with advanced PDAC and chronic pancreatitis, and its early diagnostic value is limited | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It has a certain reference value for the diagnosis of advanced PDAC, but it cannot distinguish early tumors from benign lesions, so it needs to be combined with imaging examination | ||||
| Biomarker | GPC1 | Full name | Glypican-1 | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (exosome isolation + immunoassay, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Membrane anchor proteins, expressed in PDAC cells and tissues, participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, outside the secrete body form can reflect the tumor biological behavior | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: outside secrete GPC1 detection sensitivity and specificity of close to 100%, but still needs to be large scale validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Controversial, as a better prognostic marker instead of diagnostic markers, not organization specificity protein, need clotting factor cleavage interference | ||||
| Biomarker | NGAL | Full name | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The neutrophils enzyme related lipid carrier protein gelatin, involved in the inflammatory response in the process of tumorigenesis and cell invasion regulation, PDAC expression increased in patients with urine | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical stages: the early diagnosis of potential biomarkers, preliminary research shows that diagnostic value than some traditional markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It can be detected in urine of patients with early PDAC, which has advantages for early screening of patients without icteric symptoms | ||||
| Biomarker | C4BPA | Full name | Complement component 4 binding protein alpha | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Pancreatic Cancer | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreas | Disease Subtypes | Early diagnosis and differential diagnosis | ||
| Organ | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, immunoassay (tandem mass spectrometry (ms)) | |||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As a classic way to complement to adjust composition, is produced by liver cells and activation of mononuclear cells, in the early PDAC expression change, can distinguish between PDAC and other gastrointestinal tumors | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: was validated through quantitative proteomics, show the potential for early diagnosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Is a new type of serum biomarkers for early detection PDAC has specificity, diagnostic panel is expected to be incorporated into joint | ||||
| Biomarker | CA242 | Full name | Carbohydrate antigen 242 | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Early diagnosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As mucin associated antigen, can appear abnormal expression in the early tumor, involved in tumor cell signal transduction and proliferation regulation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: Used as an aid to early screening, with limited sensitivity when used alone | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with CA19-9 can promote early diagnosis accuracy, for part of CA19-9 patients with negative have supplementary diagnostic value | ||||
| Biomarker | CA125 | Full name | Cancer antigen 125 | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Transfer prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Belong to the tumor associated antigen, by participating in tumor cell adhesion, invasion process, its rise is associated with tumor metastasis, especially celiac metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research stage: used for metastasis risk assessment, not yet as a diagnostic marker alone | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is often used in combination with other markers, and its expression is increased in patients with advanced PDAC, which can assist in judging metastatic potential | ||||
| Biomarker | CEA | Full name | Carcinoembryonic antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Recurrence monitoring and prognosis prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As carcinoembryonic antigen, abnormal expression in the process of tumor progression, associated with tumor invasive, transfer potential, can help assess the risk of disease progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical usefulness (auxiliary monitoring) : the diagnostic value is limited alone, but the combination with CA19-9 and CA125 can improve the prognosis stratification, which is an important supplement for Lewis antigen negative population | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | 30% to 60% of patients with PDAC higher expression, are more common in patients with late, late is stronger than CA19-9 PDAC progress independent predictors | ||||
| Biomarker | CA19-9 | Full name | Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pancreatic Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As a modified Lewis (a) blood group antigen, it is synthesized by exocrine epithelial cells and reflects tumor burden and progression by participating in the formation of tumor-associated glycoproteins and mucin | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical available (conventional) : the FDA approved for use in symptomatic patients with diagnosis, treatment effect and recurrence monitoring, European and American guidelines recommend preoperative and postoperative once 3-6 months to 2 years | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The most widely used but have limitations, sensitivity 50% 75%, specificity 83%, Lewis antigen negative population (about 10%) in the diagnosis value of joint use with other markers | ||||
| Biomarker | Ki-67 (proliferation index) | Full name | Antigen Ki-67 | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Gastric Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Intestinal-type gastric cancer/diffuse gastric cancer | ||
| Organ | Stomach | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cell proliferation-associated antigens are expressed in G1, S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. The Ki-67 index of gastric cancer tissue reflects the proliferation activity of tumor cells. Patients with high Ki-67 index (>50%) have strong tumor invasion and good response to chemotherapy, but tend to relapse | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically usable (prognostic evaluation) : Routine pathological reports contain indicators for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer and predicting the response to chemotherapy | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Ki-67 index, the basic indicator of pathological evaluation of gastric cancer, is positively correlated with tumor grade and stage. Combined with p53 and HER2 detection, the prognosis of gastric cancer can be more accurately judged | ||||