| Biomarker | CD44 | Full name | Cluster of Differentiation 44 | Molecular Type | Glycoprotein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue samples (immunohistochemistry, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is involved in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and signal transduction. As a metastasis suppressor gene, its down-regulation promotes cell detachment from basement membrane and enhances invasiveness. Promoter methylation may lead to down-regulation of expression. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the research phase, not yet routinely used in clinical practice | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Multicenter large-sample studies and longitudinal data validation are required | ||||
| Biomarker | PSA | Full name | Prostate-Specific Antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA; Radioimmunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | KLK3 is one of the most potent targets of androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate. Overactivation of the androgen signaling pathway ultimately leads to positive transcriptional regulation of KLK3 and the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | PSA testing is not specific enough and further monitoring is needed. | ||||
| Biomarker | TNF-α | Full name | Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (Multiplex Microbead immunoassay/ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Produced by activated macrophages and other cells, it serves as a key early factor in the inflammatory cascade, capable of inducing apoptosis and promoting the release of other inflammatory factors. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The change of the volume of the urine was positively correlated with the change of the residual urine volume, and decreased significantly in the patients with successful drug therapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-8 | Full name | Interleukin 8 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (Multiplex Microbead immunoassay/ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Its main function is to chemotactically attract immune cells such as neutrophils to the site of inflammation and aggravate the local inflammatory response. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is negatively correlated with urinary efficiency and is a typical representative of hypoxia-related inflammation. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-6 | Full name | Interleukin 6 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (Multiplex Microbead immunoassay/ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is a pro-inflammatory and fibrotic factor, participates in the acute phase reaction, and stimulates the activation of B and T cells, and maintains the chronic inflammatory state. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The increase in BPH patients is positively correlated with the change in residual urine volume, suggesting a relationship with impaired bladder function. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-1β | Full name | Interleukin 1β | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (Multiplex Microbead immunoassay/ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It serves as the core initiator of inflammatory responses, promoting the release of other inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-6, IL-8) and driving the progression of chronic inflammation, which leads to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The key biomarker in this study, which was negatively correlated with urinary efficiency, showed a significant decline after treatment, and its change magnitude was closely associated with the improvement of clinical symptoms. | ||||
| Biomarker | PGE2 | Full name | Prostaglandin E2 | Molecular Type | Lipid |
| Molecular Formula | C20H32O5 | Molecular Weight | 352.47 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Catalyzed by cyclooxygenase to produce arachidonic acid, it is a key pro-inflammatory factor. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), it is closely associated with inflammatory, edematous, and fibrotic processes in prostate and bladder tissues. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The results showed that the baseline level of the surgical group was higher and decreased significantly after surgery, suggesting that it was closely related to mechanical obstruction and subsequent inflammation. | ||||
| Biomarker | 8-OHdG | Full name | 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (products of oxidative DNA damage) |
| Molecular Formula | C10H13N5O5 | Molecular Weight | 283.24 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The product formed when guanosine is hydroxylated after reactive oxygen species attack DNA molecules, reflecting genetic material damage caused by oxidative stress. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is widely used in the assessment of various diseases related to oxidative stress. In this study, although no significant difference was found in baseline levels, it remains an important indicator. | ||||
| Biomarker | 8-iso-PG | Full name | 8-isoprostaglandin | Molecular Type | Lipid |
| Molecular Formula | C20H32O5 | Molecular Weight | 352.47 g/mol | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is a specific and stable marker of lipid peroxidation, which is non-enzymatically produced by the free radical catalyzed from the arachidonic acid in the cell membrane phospholipid. It directly reflects the tissue oxidative damage caused by BPH. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is regarded as the gold standard biomarker of oxidative stress. It is significantly decreased after treatment in BPH patients, which is associated with the relief of obstruction. | ||||
| Biomarker | SERPINC1 | Full name | Serpin family C member 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Endometrium/Ectopic lesions | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (ELISA, activity determination) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The activity of antithrombin III decreases, promoting a hypercoagulable state and microthrombus formation, and affecting endocardial perfusion and the survival of ectopic tissues. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | During the research stage, the pain associated with endometriosis was found to be related to inflammation. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The potential of this substance as a screening marker for anticoagulant adjunctive therapy is currently being explored. | ||||
| Biomarker | cfDNA methylation | Full name | Cell-free DNA methylation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Endometrium | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/ menstrual blood (methylated PCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | High methylation of genes such as HOXA10 and ESR1 leads to dysfunction of the endometrium and promotes the growth of ectopic tissues. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier Research: Possesses potential for non-invasive screening, multiple markers have a high detection rate in early-stage patients | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | A multi-gene panel based on cfDNA methylation characteristics is currently under development. | ||||
| Biomarker | Immunomics biomarkers | Full name | Immunomics biomarkers | Molecular Type | Cytokines |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Endometrium/Ectopic lesions | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/Cavity Fluid (ELISA, multiplex) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | IL-6, IL-8, IL-37, etc. regulate immune and inflammatory responses, promoting the survival of ectopic tissues and pain. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | During the research stage, some cytokines exhibited high sensitivity and specificity. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The combination of inflammatory cytokines is expected to be used for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic responses. | ||||
| Biomarker | CA-19-9 | Full name | Cancer antigen 19-9 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Ovarian type | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cell adhesion is related to invasion, and it is significantly increased in ovarian endometriotic cysts. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically applicable, used for differentiating endometriosis of the ovary from ovarian tumors | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with CA-125, it can enhance the diagnostic efficiency. | ||||
| Biomarker | MicroRNA | Full name | MicroRNA | Molecular Type | Multiple types |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Endometrium/Ectopic lesions | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma (qRT-PCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulates gene expression, participates in cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and immune evasion; has high stability in the blood. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | It provides a foundation for establishing a correct diagnostic screening method for endometriosis. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The blood miRNA panel is being developed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. | ||||
| Biomarker | NGF | Full name | Nerve growth factor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Multiple types | ||
| Organ | Endometrium/Ectopic lesions | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Endometrium/Ectopic lesions | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Promotes the generation and sensitization of nerve fibers, and is positively correlated with the severity of pain; is highly expressed in ectopic lesions. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the process of translating research into clinical practice: There are already commercial ELISA reagents available; they are used for pain classification and the selection of therapeutic targets. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Anti-NGF therapies (such as entrectinib) have shown in animal experiments to be able to alleviate the pain associated with endometriosis. | ||||
| Biomarker | CA-125 | Full name | Cancer antigen 125 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Endometriosis | Disease Subtypes | Ovarian type | ||
| Organ | Ovary/Endometrium | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It reflects the damage of body cavity epithelial cells or the activation of inflammation. It can also be expressed in ectopic endometrial tissues, but its specificity is limited. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | It is mainly used for auxiliary diagnosis and postoperative monitoring, but has low sensitivity for early-stage lesions. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is often used in combination with HE4 (ROMA index) to enhance the diagnostic specificity for endometriosis cysts in the ovaries. | ||||