| Biomarker | PHI | Full name | Prostate Health Index | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility, diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA; RIA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It integrates measurements of three different forms of PSA to provide a composite score for more accurate assessment of a patient's risk of clinically significant prostate cancer. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | PHI demonstrates superior differentiation between prostate cancer and BPH with a 39% threshold. However, it remains dependent on PSA and cannot fully overcome some of PSA's limitations. | ||||
| Biomarker | TERT promoter | Full name | TERT promoter mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | The prognosis and risk stratification |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue (NGS, Sanger sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Enhance tumor proliferation and invasion ability | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In clinical validation: 20%-50% PDTC is present, which is an independent poor prognostic factor | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | With the mutated BRAF/RAS mutations with elevated risk further | ||||
| Biomarker | circEIF6 | Full name | Circular RNA EIF6 | Molecular Type | Circular RNA (circRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prediction of chemotherapy resistance |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Undifferentiated carcinoma (ATC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Organization/serum (RT - qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Sponge miR - 144-3 p, raised TGF - alpha, enhance cisplatin resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study phase: ATC high expression, silent reversible after chemotherapy drug resistance | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | To overcome the ATC resistant to provide new targets | ||||
| Biomarker | TERT promoter | Full name | TERT promoter mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and treatment of prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Anaplastic carcinoma (ATC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Organization/serum cfDNA sequencing (NGS, methylation) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Longer telomeres, promoting tumor immortalized | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: 30% 75% ATC detection, a powerful predictor of risk of recurrence | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Liquid biopsy can dynamically monitor disease progression | ||||
| Biomarker | TP53 | Full name | TP53 gene mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Anaplastic carcinoma (ATC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Organization (NGS, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes accelerates malignant transformation of tumors | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: 40% 80% ATC, prompt very poor prognosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Co-mutation with TERT is the typical molecular feature of ATC | ||||
| Biomarker | CEA | Full name | Carcinoembryonic antigen | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Medullary carcinoma (MTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Increased secretion of tumor cells is associated with tumor invasiveness | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary application: calcitonin joint monitoring, prompt disease progress | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Late in the MTC CEA level is negatively related to the overall survival | ||||
| Biomarker | CT | Full name | Calcitonin | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Medullary carcinoma (MTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immune analysis method, chemiluminescence method) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor cells are abnormally secreted, reflecting tumor burden | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: diagnostic gold standard, postoperative recurrence monitoring sensitivity + 90% | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | False elevation caused by benign thyroid disease should be excluded | ||||
| Biomarker | PSA | Full name | Prostate-Specific Antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility, diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA; RIA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | KLK3 is one of the most potent targets of androgen receptor (AR) in prostate, and the overactivation of androgen signaling pathway leads to the positive transcriptional regulation of KLK3 and the production of PSA. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | PSA testing has insufficient specificity and a high probability of false positives, requiring further monitoring. | ||||
| Biomarker | RET | Full name | RET gene mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, susceptibility, therapeutic targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Medullary carcinoma (MTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood/tissue (NGS, Sanger sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Activate the RET signaling pathways, and promote the proliferation of tumor cells | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Hereditary MTC clinical routine application: 70% - 90%, 40% 60% sporadic MTC checked out | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Guide RET inhibitor treatment, familial MTC genetic counseling | ||||
| Biomarker | PSEP | Full name | Prostate-Specific Exosomal Protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The higher the level of IPSS, the more significant the improvement of IPSS after TURP. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The diagnostic value is higher when tPSA> 4 ng/mL, or it may be used for surgical patient screening. | ||||
| Biomarker | MEHHP | Full name | Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (metabolite of PAEs) | Molecular Type | Environmental pollutants metabolites |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₆H₂₂O₅ | Molecular Weight | 294.34 | Core Functional Dimensions | Risk prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (HPLC/MS/MS, UPLC/MS/MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cut the NIS expression, interfere with the iodine metabolism and hormone synthesis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study phase: positively related to the FTC risk, AUC 0.54 | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Joint to other PAEs metabolites improve predictive value | ||||
| Biomarker | ApoA | Full name | Apolipoprotein A | Molecular Type | Lipoprotein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (standard biochemical analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As the main component of HDL, it participates in cholesterol reverse transport and exhibits anti-inflammatory and hormone-regulating effects. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Mass cohort validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Collaborating with HDL, it may be utilized for personalized prevention in the future | ||||
| Biomarker | HDL | Full name | High-Density Lipoprotein | Molecular Type | Lipid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (standard biochemical analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The risk of BPH can be reduced by regulating androgen and anti-inflammatory effects. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Mass cohort validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Consistent with the UK Biobank and CHARLS cohorts, it is recommended for risk assessment and prevention strategies. | ||||
| Biomarker | CDK5RAP2 | Full name | CDK5 Regulatory Subunit Associated Protein 2 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, distinguish |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (DIA-MS, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It regulates cell cycle and centrosome formation, and is overexpressed in BPH to promote the proliferation of prostate cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Verified in research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Machine learning screening with AUC=0.900 shows promise as a complementary diagnostic marker for PSA | ||||
| Biomarker | UT-2 | Full name | Urotensin-2 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulation of cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis by G protein-coupled receptors (GPR14) may be associated with the burden of systemic diseases and the metastatic microenvironment. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Further validation is required during the preliminary study phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The first study on plasma UT-2 in prostate cancer, as part of a multi-parameter prognostic panel, requires prospective research to correlate treatment response with survival outcomes. | ||||
| Biomarker | FLNA | Full name | Filamin A | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | BPH | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum samples (IP-MRM mass spectrometry technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It participates in cytoskeletal remodeling, integrin signaling pathway, and metastasis process, and its cleavage fragments may be associated with tumor progression and invasiveness. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the research phase, it has demonstrated good diagnostic performance | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Eliminating prostate volume measurement streamlines the testing process. As a complementary PSA test, it reduces unnecessary biopsies and is being developed into a multiparameter blood test tool. | ||||