| Biomarker | CTNNB1 | Full name | β-catenin gene | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, typing |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Non-functional/functional | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissues (NGS, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Encoding β-catenin, mutation activates Wnt pathway and promotes tumor proliferation and invasion | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical application: about 10%-20% of cancers have mutation, which is more common in the cortisol secreting type. IHC detection of nuclear β-catenin expression can assist in diagnosis | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The mutation is associated with poor differentiation of tumors, which can be used as a potential target for targeted therapy | ||||
| Biomarker | TP53 | Full name | TP53 gene mutation | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Non-functional/functionality | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissues (NGS, Sanger sequencing, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor suppressor genes, mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell cycle, enhance tumor invasiveness and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: about 20% - 40% of adrenal cortical carcinoma is mutation, TuBianZhe prognosis is poor, used to differentiate benign and malignancy | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Mutually exclusive and CTNNB1 mutations, are at high risk of cancer molecular characteristics, can guide the chemotherapy scheme selection | ||||
| Biomarker | Ki-67 | Full name | Ki-67 antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Grading, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Non-functional/functionality | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissues (immunohistochemical IHC, digital pathology analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It reflects cell proliferation activity and is positively correlated with tumor invasion and recurrence risk | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical gold standard: the WHO classification core index (Ki - 67 10% for high-risk or higher), used for risk stratification, digital analysis of reduction of variation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Is the key to the recurrence risk assessment indicators, and other molecular markers joint prognostic model can be optimized | ||||
| Biomarker | Androstenedione | Full name | Androstenedione | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₉H₂₆O₂ | Molecular Weight | 286.41 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Functional (androgen-secreting) | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | "Sex hormone synthesis intermediate, increased secretion of tumors leads to hirsutism and virilization in women. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary application: used for androgen secretion of cancer diagnosis and treatment effect monitoring, postoperative levels drop hints curative effect | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Higher diagnostic value in patients with young women, can be used as joint detection index | ||||
| Biomarker | DHEA/DHEAS | Full name | Dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate) | Molecular Type | hormone |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₉H₂₈O₂ / C₁₉H₂₈O₅S | Molecular Weight | 288.42 / 368.49 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Functional (androgen-secreting) | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay, LC-MS/MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Adrenal cortical androgen precursor, tumor cells abnormal synthetic release, reflect the tumor load | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: the core detection indicators of patients with virilization symptoms increased significantly in cancer patients than in benign lesions, which are used for the differentiation of benign and malignant | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | And androstenedione joint detection can improve diagnostic sensitivity, higher level is associated with tumor invasive | ||||
| Biomarker | Aldosterone | Full name | Aldosterone | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁H₂₈O₅ | Molecular Weight | 360.44 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, differential diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Functional (aldosterone secreting type) | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/plasma (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor abnormal secretion of water and salt metabolism disorders, rare in adrenal cortical carcinoma, adenoma identification | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical differential application: it is used for the screening of primary aldosteronism. Cancer patients are often accompanied by low renin and high aldosterone, and adenoma should be excluded in combination with imaging | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Abnormal secretion is rare in cancer, and combined with renin detection can improve the specificity of etiological identification | ||||
| Biomarker | 17-OHP | Full name | 17-hydroxyprogesterone | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁H₃₀O₃ | Molecular Weight | 330.46 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and typing |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Functional (cortisol-secreting) | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | "Adrenal cortical hormone synthesis intermediate, abnormal tumor-related synthesis pathway leading to elevated levels. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary application: it is used to distinguish congenital adrenal hyperplasia from adrenocortical carcinoma, and the increase in cancer patients is more significant | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be used as a type of cortisol secretion auxiliary diagnostic markers for cancer improve classification accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | Cortisol | Full name | cortisol | Molecular Type | Hormones |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁H₃₀O₅ | Molecular Weight | 362.46 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Adrenocortical Carcinoma | Disease Subtypes | Functional (cortisol secreting) | ||
| Organ | Adrenal Cortex | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/urine (immunoassay, LC-MS/MS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Excessive secretion by tumor cells triggers Cushing's syndrome and interferes with glucose and lipid metabolism | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: combined with dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis; It is used to monitor the treatment response, the sensitivity is 85%+, and the interference of stress and drugs should be excluded | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with ACTH, it can be used to identify pituitary Cushing's disease, and imaging localization can assist the diagnosis | ||||
| Biomarker | miRNA (miR-375, miR-141) | Full name | microRNA-375, microRNA-141 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma, serum, and tumor tissue (real-time quantitative PCR, qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As a carcinogenic miRNA promoting tumor progression, it can be stably detected in body fluids. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The current study has limitations of heterogeneity and limited sample size. | ||||
| Biomarker | PD-L1 | Full name | Programmed death-ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Immunotherapy Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Organization (IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inhibition of T cell activity, and promote the tumor immune escape | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research: in the ATC/PDTC high expression, prompt immunotherapy potential benefit | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combination with tumor mutational burden can optimize immunotherapy screening | ||||
| Biomarker | IGF-1/IGF-1R | Full name | Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 / Receptor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, therapeutic targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | After binding to its receptor IGF-1R, IGF-1 activates signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK, promoting cell survival, proliferation, migration, and therapeutic resistance. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation/clinical trial | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Targeted IGF-1R drugs have shown limited efficacy in Phase II clinical trials, likely due to the absence of predictive biomarkers. | ||||
| Biomarker | Heavy metals | Full name | Heavy metals (Cd/Pb/Hg/As) | Molecular Type | Environmental pollutants |
| Molecular Formula | Cd/Pb/Hg/As | Molecular Weight | 112.41/207.2/200.59/74.92 | Core Functional Dimensions | Risk prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ICP-OES, GFAAS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inducing DNA damage and oxidative stress to promote carcinogenesis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | The research phase: meta analysis confirmed that the exposure is associated with thyroid cancer risk is | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Cd, Pb, Hg, and As were the main heavy metals associated with thyroid cancer risk | ||||
| Biomarker | METCAM | Full name | MET Cell Adhesion Molecule | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, therapeutic targets |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA), Tumor Tissue (Western Blot, WB) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | METCAM, as a cell membrane protein, is highly expressed in cancer tissues and promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Based on its carcinogenic effects, METCAM can serve as a therapeutic target, with related treatment strategies currently under further investigation, and clinical trials may be advanced in the next phase. | ||||
| Biomarker | Tg | Full name | Thyroglobulin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Surveillance, early warning of recurrence |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ce) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Synthesis of differentiated thyroid cancer tumor cells, reflecting residual lesions | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: postoperative recurrence monitoring, need to rule out Tg antibody interference | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Joint neck ultrasound monitoring accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | PCA3 | Full name | Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (RT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | PCA3 is a non-coding RNA with high prostate cancer specificity. Unlike PSA, PCA3 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells but is undetectable in normal or benign prostatic hyperplasia. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It provides guidance for patients with previously negative biopsy results but still clinically highly suspected. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-875-5p | Full name | microRNA-875-5p | Molecular Type | Microrna (miRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and radiosensitivity |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDTC) | ||
| Organ | Thyroid | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tissue/serum (RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cut the NIS expression, reduce iodine uptake capacity | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study phase: PDTC high expression, inhibition of recoverable after radioactive iodine sensitivity | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | This study provides a potential strategy for radiosensitization of PDTC | ||||