| Biomarker | FABP4 | Full name | Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 | Molecular Type | Protein (Gene Expression) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility, Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Scalp Hair Follicles (RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Involved in GABAergic system regulation and fatty acid metabolism, mRNA expression is downregulated in hair follicles. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Sensitivity 71.8%, specificity 66.7%, a non-invasive genetic biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | BDNF | Full name | Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Monitoring, Pharmacodynamics/Response |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Serum (ELISA, SIMOA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Decreased neuroplasticity, impaired neuronal survival and differentiation, synaptic dysfunction, and levels can be upregulated after treatment. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Under clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Positively correlated with cognitive function; levels are significantly decreased in treatment-resistant patients. | ||||
| Biomarker | MMN | Full name | Mismatch Negativity | Molecular Type | Neurophysiological Indicator |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Susceptibility, Pharmacodynamics/Response |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Scalp Electroencephalogram (EEG, TF-ERP Analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflects NMDAR functional abnormalities and excitation-inhibition imbalance, early auditory processing disorders, and is associated with cognitive deficits. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Cross-species (human/rodent) validated, can be used as a target engagement biomarker for NMDAR-targeted therapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | TNF-α | Full name | Tumor Necrosis Factor α | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/Plasma (ELISA, Luminex) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Induces astrocyte activation, reduces presynaptic serotonin release, and mediates inflammation and apoptosis pathways through TNFR1. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Under clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The gene polymorphism (-238G/A) is associated with treatment resistance; anti-TNF-α therapy has potential value. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-6 | Full name | Interleukin 6 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis, Pharmacodynamics/Response |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Cerebrospinal Fluid (ELISA, Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Pro-inflammatory factor activates microglia, inhibits neurogenesis, disrupts the blood-brain barrier, and synergizes with HPA axis dysfunction. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Under clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Levels are significantly elevated in treatment-resistant patients; anti-inflammatory therapy can improve symptoms. | ||||
| Biomarker | CRP | Full name | C-Reactive Protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Schizophrenia | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole Blood/Plasma (Immunoturbidimetry, Latex-Enhanced Immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Systemic inflammation activation exacerbates central neuroinflammation, interferes with neurotransmitter balance, and levels are elevated during acute episodes. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Has both state and trait biomarker properties, positively correlated with symptom severity, and can predict recurrence risk. | ||||
| Biomarker | LINC00467 | Full name | LINC00467 (Long Non-Coding RNA) | Molecular Type | lncRNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue/Plasma (qRT-PCR, RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Adsorbs miR-145, upregulates SOX9 expression, and promotes cancer stem cell characteristics. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Silencing LINC00467 can inhibit the sphere-forming ability of GBM cells. | ||||
| Biomarker | GSDMB | Full name | Gasdermin B | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue (IHC, Western Blot) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Mediates pyroptosis, regulates the tumor immune microenvironment, and high expression indicates a better prognosis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | GSDMB expression is positively correlated with CD8+T cell infiltration, serving as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy. | ||||
| Biomarker | POFUT1 | Full name | Protein O-Fucosyltransferase 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue (IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulates the Notch signaling pathway, maintaining the self-renewal ability of cancer stem cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | POFUT1 inhibitors can enhance TMZ sensitivity and inhibit GBM cell proliferation in vitro experiments. | ||||
| Biomarker | GLUT1 | Full name | Glucose Transporter 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue (IHC, Western Blot) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Enhances tumor cell glycolysis to meet the energy needs of rapid proliferation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Patients with high GLUT1 expression are sensitive to 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) treatment. | ||||
| Biomarker | EVs-cfDNA | Full name | Extracellular Vesicle-Cell-Free DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic Acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (qPCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Carries tumor gene mutations (e.g., IDH1, EGFR), reflecting tumor burden and mutation dynamics. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can dynamically monitor treatment response and detect tumor recurrence 2-3 months in advance. | ||||
| Biomarker | GFAPδ | Full name | Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Isoform | Molecular Type | Protein Isoform |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue/Cerebrospinal Fluid (IHC, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Specifically expressed at the invasive edge of GBM, involved in tumor cell migration and blood-brain barrier disruption. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Can be used as an auxiliary indicator for judging surgical resection margins, reducing postoperative residual. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-21 | Full name | MicroRNA-21 | Molecular Type | MicroRNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Cerebrospinal Fluid (qRT-PCR, RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targets tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and PDCD4, promoting tumor proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides can inhibit GBM growth in animal models, entering preclinical research. | ||||
| Biomarker | MALAT1 | Full name | MALAT1 (Long Non-Coding RNA) | Molecular Type | lncRNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue/Plasma (qRT-PCR, RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulates EZH2-mediated epigenetic silencing, promotes tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Plasma MALAT1 levels are positively correlated with tumor recurrence risk, serving as a liquid biopsy monitoring biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | Syntenin-1 (SDCBP) | Full name | Syntenin-1 (SDCBP) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue/Plasma (ELISA, IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Binds to syndecan to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, maintains cancer stem cell characteristics, and promotes invasive metastasis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Inhibitors of the PDZ1 domain can reduce GBM cell invasiveness and reduce intracerebral metastasis in animal models. | ||||
| Biomarker | ApoE | Full name | Apolipoprotein E (Gene Polymorphism) | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Glioblastoma | Disease Subtypes | Primary GBM, Secondary GBM | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma/Tumor Tissue (ELISA, Gene Sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The ApoE4 subtype promotes tumor invasion by regulating lipid metabolism, inhibits the anti-tumor activity of CD8+T cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | ApoE mimetic peptides can improve the tumor immune microenvironment and enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors. | ||||