| Biomarker | PD-L1 (Immune cells) | Full name | Programmed Death-Ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Seminoma, embryonal carcinoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (immunohistochemistry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | High expression is associated with better prognosis, reflecting an active immune microenvironment. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with lower stage and no lymph node metastasis; or a potential biomarker for immunotherapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | PD-L1 (Tumor cell) | Full name | Programmed Death-Ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis and prediction of immune therapy response |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Choriocarcinoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (immunohistochemistry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combining PD-1 inhibition with T cell activity to mediate immune evasion. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Highly expressed in choriocarcinoma; associated with poor prognosis; limited response to immunotherapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-371a-3p | Full name | microRNA-371a-3p | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid RNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, efficacy monitoring, recurrence warning, and residual lesion assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | All malignantTGCT (excluding teratoma) | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum and plasma (RT-qPCR, ddPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is derived from embryonic stem cells,highly expressed in malignant GCT and involved in maintaining cell pluripotency; its serum level is positively correlated with tumor load. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research/Close to clinical (with CE-certified commercial kits available) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Its sensitivity (≈90%) and specificity (>90%) far exceed those of traditional biomarkers. It is not expressed in teratomas. Multiple large-scale prospective studies are currently underway to validate its role in prognostic prediction and treatment decision guidance. | ||||
| Biomarker | HAVCR2 | Full name | Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, immunotherapy prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Pancreatic testicular carcinoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue, patient cohort samples (TCGA integration) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Hypomethylation leads to its overexpression, which is associated with immune cell infiltration and immune therapy response. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression of the gene was higher in seminoma than in non-seminoma. | ||||
| Biomarker | Polygenic signature (7 CpG loci) | Full name | DNA methylation signature | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis， prediction of chemotherapy sensitivity |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Cisplatin resistance | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (TCGA-derived model) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | CpG sites associated with genes such as PPMID, PANX1, ENDOD1, MAF, and MYH2; reduced sensitivity to bleomycin and etoposide in the high-risk group. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The prognostic column chart based on bioinformatics findings can predict progression-free survival and chemotherapy sensitivity. | ||||
| Biomarker | MGM | Full name | Methylated Gene Marker | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, treatment prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Multiple subtypes (primarily non-seminoma) | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (multiple cohort studies) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | High methylation is associated with poor prognosis in some studies, which may be related to cisplatin resistance. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Verification phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The results were inconsistent, with no methylation detected in non-seminoma in the Indian cohort. It is often analyzed in conjunction with CALCA. | ||||
| Biomarker | RASSF1A | Full name | Ras Association Domain Family Member 1 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Risk stratification, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Multiple subtypes | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood, tumor tissue (multiple cohort studies) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Promoter hypermethylation as a potential early event and risk factor. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Verification phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Some studies support its use as a risk marker, but results vary across different population cohorts, necessitating standardized testing. | ||||
| Biomarker | SMARCA1 | Full name | SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 1 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Multiple subtypes | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The methylation of CpG sites in promoter region was associated with low expression. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High diagnostic value (AUC> 0.9). | ||||
| Biomarker | RFPL3S | Full name | Ret Finger Protein-Like 3S | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation (regulating lncRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Classification, prognosis, and immunotherapy Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Multiple subtypes | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (TCGA, validated) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | High methylation leads to downregulation of its expression as a tumor suppressor; downregulation is associated with poor prognosis and immune therapy response. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The ability to distinguish between seminoma and non-seminoma, and to predict metastasis and response to immunotherapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | CSF3R | Full name | Colony Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, immune microenvironment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Non-seminoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Promoter hypomethylation leads to its overexpression, which is associated with cancer-related fibroblast and dendritic cell infiltration. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The promoter methylation level was lower in non-seminoma than in seminoma. | ||||
| Biomarker | DNA methylation (BRCA1, RAD51C, PALB2, RAD54B, SYCP3) | Full name | DNA methylation (BRCA1, RAD51C, PALB2, RAD54B, SYCP3) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid DNA methylation |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Classification, staging, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Non-seminoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (TCGA, patient cohort validation) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The hypermethylation of homologous recombination repair gene leads to gene silencing and genomic instability. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Its methylation status can predict the therapeutic response to PARP inhibitors, demonstrating significant translational potential. | ||||
| Biomarker | LDH | Full name | Lactate Dehydrogenase | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis assessment, efficacy monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | All TGCTs (non-specific) | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The ubiquitous cellular enzymes released into the bloodstream during tumor cell necrosis or rapid proliferation serve as indirect indicators of tumor burden. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical application (guideline Standard) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It exhibits low sensitivity and specificity, and may also be elevated in various non-neoplastic conditions (e.g., hemolysis, myocardial infarction). It serves as a critical indicator in the IGCCCG prognostic staging system. | ||||
| Biomarker | β-hCG | Full name | Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | Molecular Type | Glycoprotein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose, efficacy monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Non-seminoma/Seminal cell tumor | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is produced by the syncytial trophoblast cells and secreted in the tumor containing components of choriocarcinoma or in the seminoma of syncytial trophoblast giant cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical application (guideline Standard) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The half-life is 24-36 hours. It can serve as an early indicator of therapeutic response. | ||||
| Biomarker | AFP | Full name | Alpha-Fetoprotein | Molecular Type | Glycoprotein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose, efficacy monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Non-seminoma | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The fetal yolk sac and liver are generated, and re-expressed in NSGCT containing yolk sac tumor components. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical application (guideline Standard) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is not elevated in pure spermatogonial cell tumors. The half-life is 5-7 days. The level is related to tumor load, but it can also be elevated by non-tumor factors such as liver disease. | ||||
| Biomarker | mEVs | Full name | Medium Extracellular Vesicles | Molecular Type | Protein/Nucleic acid/Lipid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma, urine (flow cytometry, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The delivered miR-153, miR-424, and other miRNAs can regulate downstream target genes, promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Surface proteins (e.g., CD151) are positively correlated with the metastatic potential and poor prognosis of tumors. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research/early clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | As targeted drug delivery vehicles, mEVs are used to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs while reducing side effects. The future trend is to integrate proteomic, miRNAomic, and lipidomic data from mEVs, rather than relying on a single biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | GRPR | Full name | Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCa | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Prostate | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (PET-CT、PET-MRI) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The activation of the GRP/GRPR signaling pathway promotes tumor cell proliferation. In CRPC, this pathway upregulates androgen receptor variants by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Physiological expression in some benign prostate tissues may lead to false positives; its expression is affected by prior treatments (e.g., ADT) and requires patient screening. | ||||