| Biomarker | PS-IgG immune complex | Full name | Phosphatidylserine-Immunoglobulin G immune complex | Molecular Type | Protein (immune complex) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and pathogenesis-related |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE, Lupus nephritis (LN) | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum and renal biopsy samples (immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | LOX-mediated oxidative stress impairs macrophage phagocytic function, leading to deposition in renal tissues of LN patients. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: It is a strong biomarker for SLE and LN, and can be targeted by inhibitors through related mechanisms. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Possessing both diagnostic value and therapeutic target potential. | ||||
| Biomarker | IP-10 | Full name | Interferon Gamma-Inducible Protein 10 | Molecular Type | Protein (cytokines) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Disease activity monitoring, organ involvement assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum, blood serum (Luminex, hs-ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Serum levels are associated with active SLE arthritis, with performance variations across different testing platforms. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Luminex platform detection is associated with disease activity, with a maximum AUC-ROC of 0.73. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The Luminex platform demonstrates superior performance in assisting the assessment of arthritis involvement. | ||||
| Biomarker | H19 | Full name | H19 Long Non-Coding RNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (lncRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, disease progression-related |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (RT-qPCR, luciferase reporter gene assay). | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Upregulated in serum and PBMCs, inhibition of PBMC viability by targeting miR-19b promotes apoptosis and inflammatory responses. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: demonstrates certain clinical diagnostic value and participates in the regulation of pathological mechanisms. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Providing a novel perspective for understanding the inflammatory mechanisms of SLE. | ||||
| Biomarker | MPV | Full name | Mean Platelet Volume | Molecular Type | Hematological indicators |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Assessment of cumulative damage from diseases |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood (Complete blood count) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significantly reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in SLE patients, associated with SLICC score and involvement of kidneys, peripheral vasculature, and musculoskeletal system. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: Can serve as a biomarker for cumulative disease damage. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The test is convenient and can reflect the extent of damage associated with involvement of specific organs. | ||||
| Biomarker | LINC00667, DANCR | Full name | Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 00667, Differentiation Antagonizing Non-Protein Coding RNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (lncRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, disease activity monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma exosomes (high-throughput sequencing, RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significant upregulation of exosomes in the plasma of SLE patients | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: The AUC values were 0.815 and 0.759, respectively, indicating that DANCR can distinguish between active and stable SLE. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Novel biomarkers for SLE diagnosis and activity assessment. | ||||
| Biomarker | ADAMTS-2 | Full name | A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 2 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (RT-qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Upregulated expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, involved in inflammation regulation, and enriched in the TNF-α signaling via NF-κB pathway. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: AUC=0.805, capable of distinguishing newly diagnosed SLE from RA and healthy controls. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with immune cell infiltration, it holds promise as a novel therapeutic target. | ||||
| Biomarker | Sema4A | Full name | Semaphorin 4A | Molecular Type | Proteins (immunomodulatory molecules) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Semaphorin 4A |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole blood, serum (flow cytometry, ELISA)Whole blood, serum (flow cytometry, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Elevated plasma soluble concentrations and increased membrane binding ratio on CD4+CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells are positively correlated with disease activity index. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | .Research validation: Demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of SLE, enabling differentiation between SLE and RA. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Promising to become a novel diagnostic biomarker for SLE with outstanding discriminative value. | ||||
| Biomarker | AGR | Full name | Albumin/Globulin Ratio | Molecular Type | Protein ratio |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Protein ratio |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Routine laboratory test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Serum (Routine laboratory test) | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation: Can serve as an inflammatory biomarker, and is an independent risk factor for disease activity alongside complement C4. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Effectively reflects the disease activity level of SLE with a simple detection method. | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-TCP1 antibodies | Full name | Anti-T-complex Protein 1 antibodies | Molecular Type | Protein (autoantibody) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (21K protein microarray, blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The specific expression in serum of SLE patients is elevated, showing significant differences compared to healthy controls and other autoimmune diseases. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study verification: The positive rate in SLE patients was 79%, significantly higher than that in the control group. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High specificity, serving as a potential biomarker for SLE diagnosis. | ||||
| Biomarker | C4 | Full name | Complement 4 | Molecular Type | Proteins (complement) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and condition assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (complement quantification) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Complement levels reflect the degree of immune activation and consumption. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically applied for diagnosis/activity assessment; reduction precedes C3, 45% 3-year recurrence rate in persistent low levels | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Low levels correlate with disease activity; independent risk factor. | ||||
| Biomarker | C3 | Full name | Complement 3 | Molecular Type | Proteins (complement) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and condition assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (complement quantification) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Complement levels reflect the degree of immune activation and consumption. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically used (diagnosis/monitoring); 60%-80% of active SLE patients have reduced C3 levels, with a diagnostic coincidence rate of 75% for disease flares | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Low levels correlate with disease activity (flares). | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-ds DNA antibodies | Full name | Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies | Molecular Type | Protein (autoantibody) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and condition assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunological assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in the immunopathological process; highly specific to SLE. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically validated for diagnosis/activity evaluation; routine in rheumatology clinics. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Core indicator for diagnosis and disease activity assessment. | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-phospholipid antibodies | Full name | Anti-phospholipid antibodies | Molecular Type | Proteins (autoantibodies) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and risk assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunological assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in immunopathological process; associated with thrombosis risks. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically used for diagnosis/monitoring; standardized in rheumatology labs. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Important for assessing antiphospholipid syndrome overlap or risk in SLE. | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-phospholipid antibodies | Full name | Anti-phospholipid antibodies | Molecular Type | Proteins (autoantibodies) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and risk assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunological assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in immunopathological process; associated with thrombosis risks. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically used for diagnosis/monitoring; standardized in rheumatology labs. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Important for assessing antiphospholipid syndrome overlap or risk in SLE. | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-Sm antibodies | Full name | Anti-Smith antibodies | Molecular Type | Proteins (autoantibodies) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunological assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in the immunopathological process of SLE. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically established for definitive SLE diagnosis; aligned with guidelines. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High specificity for SLE; part of the core diagnostic panel. | ||||
| Biomarker | ctDNA | Full name | Circulating Tumor DNA | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnose, therapeutic Efficacy Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | TGCT | Disease Subtypes | Seminal cell carcinoma, NSGCT | ||
| Organ | Testis | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (PCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor cell apoptosis/necrosis release, reflecting tumor burden. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Stage of research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Sensitivity 88%, specificity 97%; associated with tumor staging; requires prospective validation | ||||