| Biomarker | IGF-1 | Full name | Insulin-like growth factor-1 | Molecular Type | Proteins |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pituitary Adenoma | Disease Subtypes | Growth hormone adenoma (GHPA) | ||
| Organ | Pituitary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ce) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | GH downstream effector molecule, reflect the long-term GH secretion level | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: associated with the risk of invasive tumor, cardiovascular complications | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Assessment of disease activity core index | ||||
| Biomarker | GH | Full name | Growth hormone | Molecular Type | hormone |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pituitary Adenoma | Disease Subtypes | Growth hormone Tumor (GHPA) | ||
| Organ | Pituitary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay, dynamic provocation test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Excessive secretion leads to an increase in IGF-1, triggering acromegaly | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: random GH≥5μg/L combined with elevated IGF-1 diagnosis; Used for surgical curative effect evaluation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | To combine eliminate pseudo elevated glucose inhibition test | ||||
| Biomarker | lncRNA NR_103776.1 | Full name | Long Non-Coding RNA NR_103776.1 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (lnc RNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, disease classification |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (transcriptome sequencing, QRT-PCR). | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormally expressed in a single nucleated cell, negatively correlated with the inflammatory index. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Differentiation between SLE and RA, as well as between active and stable SLE. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Participates in RNA and protein metabolism, serving as a novel diagnostic biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | lncRNA H19 | Full name | Long non-coding RNA H19 | Molecular Type | Long chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Treatment of prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pituitary Adenoma | Disease Subtypes | Prolactinoma (PRLPA) | ||
| Organ | Pituitary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum secrete body (RT - qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inhibition of mTORC1 pathway, inhibit tumor growth | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical exploration: outside secrete body and cabergoline curative effect is related to the level of H19 predictable drug sensitivity | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Clinical exploration: outside secrete body and cabergoline curative effect is related to the level of H19 predictable drug sensitivity | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-let-7 | Full name | microRNA let-7 family | Molecular Type | Small RNA (miRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Pituitary Adenoma | Disease Subtypes | Prolactin tumor (PRLPA) | ||
| Organ | Pituitary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/organization (RT - qPCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targeted inhibition HMGA2 expression, inhibit tumorigenesis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study phase: PRLPA cut, expressed in diagnosis of AUC 0.83, is expected to become a non-invasive markers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Outside the secrete body miR - let - 7 detection is front direction | ||||
| Biomarker | Anti-HSP90α IgG | Full name | Anti-Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Immunoglobulin G | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | APS risk assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma, serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Decreased levels in patients with SLE secondary to APS can inhibit platelet activation and regulate immune thrombosis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Both exploratory and confirmatory cohorts have confirmed its association with APS risk. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Evaluation of potential biomarkers for assessing the risk of APS in patients with SLE. | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL13 | Full name | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 | Molecular Type | Protein (chemokine) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, assessment of disease activity |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum（ELISA） | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significantly elevated in the serum of SLE patients, associated with SLEDAI, renal involvement, and active LN. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: At the critical value of 15.27 pg/mL, the sensitivity was 93.5% and the specificity was 95%. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Unaffected by the status of anti-dsDNA IgG ANA, it serves as a reliable indicator for assessing disease activity. | ||||
| Biomarker | L-Pyroglutamic acid | Full name | L-Pyroglutamic acid | Molecular Type | Metabolite |
| Molecular Formula | C5H7NO3 | Molecular Weight | 129.12 | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significantly elevated in the serum of SLE patients, metabolomics analysis can distinguish patients from healthy controls. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification: At the critical value of 61.54 μM, the AUC was 0.955, with a sensitivity of 97.22% and a specificity of 83.33%. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | To provide novel diagnostic biomarkers for heterogeneous and atypical SLE cases. | ||||
| Biomarker | HMGB-1 | Full name | High Mobility Group Box 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, disease activity monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significantly upregulated in the serum of SLE patients, released through necroptosis and ferroptosis, and positively correlated with disease activity and renal involvement. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: AUC demonstrates excellent performance as an independent risk factor. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Strongly correlated with RIPK3/MLKL and ferroptosis metabolite levels, demonstrating outstanding diagnostic and monitoring value. | ||||
| Biomarker | sCD14 | Full name | Soluble Cluster of Differentiation 14 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Disease activity level, renal impairment assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE, LN | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (ELISA, PCR-RFLP) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | CD14 (C-159T) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to SLE, with significantly elevated plasma levels in patients. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Positively correlated with SLEDAI-2K score and 24-hour proteinuria. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Higher levels in LN patients serve as novel biomarkers for assessing disease activity and renal impairment. | ||||
| Biomarker | CD226⁺ B cell | Full name | Cluster of Differentiation 226-positive B lymphocyte | Molecular Type | Subpopulation of immune cells |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Assessment of disease activity and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood (flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The proportion was significantly elevated in SLE patients and showed a positive correlation with the SLEDAI-2K score and anti-dsDNA antibody titer. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: The baseline ratio is associated with prognosis 12 months later, with a higher proportion observed in patients with renal involvement. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Provide reference for therapeutic efficacy evaluation and prognosis assessment. | ||||
| Biomarker | hsa_circ_0044235, hsa_circ_0001947 | Full name | Homo sapiens Circular RNA 0044235, Homo sapiens Circular RNA 0001947 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (circRNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Plasma (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Significantly reduced expression in plasma of newly diagnosed SLE patients as an independent risk factor. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: The value of combined testing in distinguishing newly diagnosed SLE from control and RA patients is significant. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Related to platelet-related indicators and therapeutic efficacy, it is a non-invasive biomarker. | ||||
| Biomarker | CD21⁻CD27⁻ B cell | Full name | Cluster of Differentiation 21-negative Cluster of Differentiation 27-negative B lymphocyte | Molecular Type | Subpopulation of immune cells |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Assessment of disease activity |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood (mass cytometry, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Increased frequency in SLE patients, correlated with disease severity, unaffected by routine serological markers. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Can effectively identify patients with active disease. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | To provide reliable and readily available indicators for clinical assessment of disease activity. | ||||
| Biomarker | SIGLEC1 | Full name | Sialic Acid-Binding Immunoglobulin-Like Lectin 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and exclusion of suspected cases |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood (flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Associated with IFN-γ pathway activation, significantly elevated in SLE patients, negative results can effectively exclude SLE. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Sensitivity 98.7%, Specificity 82.1%, AUC=0.95. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It demonstrates superior diagnostic accuracy compared to ANA, C3, and C4, serving as an efficient exclusionary diagnostic marker. | ||||
| Biomarker | usCD163 | Full name | Unsoluble Cluster of Differentiation 163 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, condition assessment |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE, LN | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (laboratory test) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Released by alternative-activated macrophages, and correlated with the severity of LN, disease activity, and related laboratory indicators. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research verification: Significantly elevated levels in patients with active LN, associated with multiple disease indicators. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Provide a new option for non-invasive diagnosis and disease assessment of LN. | ||||
| Biomarker | CD64 | Full name | Cluster of Differentiation 64 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Disease progression monitoring, pathogenesis-related |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Autoimmune Disease (AD) | Disease Subtypes | SLE | ||
| Organ | Spleen, thymus, lymphoid tissue | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Increased expression in circulating monocytes, associated with SLEDAI and anti-Sm antibodies, and involved in the regulation of skin inflammation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Observational SLE progression serves as a mechanistic checkpoint in pathogenesis. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Identify potential targets for interventions related to lupus skin inflammation. | ||||