| Biomarker | TSH | Full name | Thyroid stimulating hormone | Molecular Type | hormone |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Thyroid Dysfunction | Disease Subtypes | Primary hypothyroidism | ||
| Organ | Thyroid/Pituitary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (chemiluminescence immunoassay, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Thyroid hormone synthesis, negative feedback stimulate secretion of pituitary TSH increased | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Diagnostic core index (acuity 4.2 mIU/L), joint FT4 confirmed | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | With the joint can distinguish between primary and central JiaJian FT4 | ||||
| Biomarker | MOG-IgG | Full name | Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody | Molecular Type | Protein (Antibody) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (Cell-based Assay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targets myelin MOG protein, mediates complement-dependent demyelination, associated with RIS conversion to clinically confirmed MS. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation / guideline recommendation: A core indicator for distinguishing RIS from MOGAD. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High titers indicate MOG-related disease; low titers require combination with clinical and MRI features for judgment. | ||||
| Biomarker | Insulin | Full name | Insulin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₅₇H₃₈₃N₆₅O₇₇S₆ | Molecular Weight | 5807.6 | Core Functional Dimensions | Treatment monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Diabetes Mellitus | Disease Subtypes | Diabetes Mellitus | ||
| Organ | Pancreas/Systemic | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | To regulate blood sugar intake and storage, supplement inadequate secretion of endogenous | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Routine clinical doses of insulin replacement therapy for adjustment and curative effect evaluation, widely used in various types of diabetes treatment and management | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is used to evaluate the rationality of insulin replacement therapy dose and avoid hypoglycemia | ||||
| Biomarker | HLA-DRB1*15:01 | Full name | Human Leukocyte Antigen-DRB1*15:01 | Molecular Type | Nucleic Acid (DNA) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Susceptibility |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Whole Blood (Genotyping) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Affects immune cell antigen recognition, reduces self-tolerance, increases the risk of myelin-specific T cell activation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (risk assessment): Only used for risk stratification, not for standalone diagnosis. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Highest carrier rate in European populations, a core locus for MS genetic susceptibility; combined with other biomarkers improves risk prediction value. | ||||
| Biomarker | CSF OCBs | Full name | Cerebrospinal Fluid Oligoclonal Bands | Molecular Type | Protein (Immunoglobulin) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Susceptibility |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | CSF (Isoelectric Focusing + Immunoblotting) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A marker of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, reflecting local autoimmune response, associated with MS conversion risk. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation / guideline recommendation: A core indicator for MS diagnosis; negative results indicate low conversion risk. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Appear in some patients in the late stage, can replace evidence of spatial dissemination; kappa free light chain index can be used as an alternative indicator. | ||||
| Biomarker | CHI3L1 | Full name | Chitinase 3-Like Protein 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Primary Progressive MS (PPMS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | CSF / Serum (ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A marker of microglial activation, promotes inflammatory factor release and tissue fibrosis, associated with gray matter atrophy. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / early clinical use: Levels are significantly higher in PPMS than in RRMS, predicting progression rate. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Combined with NfL can improve PPMS diagnostic accuracy, a potential target for neuroprotective therapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | SEL | Full name | Slowly Expanding Lesions | Molecular Type | Imaging Biomarker |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Brain MRI (T1/T2 weighted sequences, Jacobian analysis) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Radial expansion of chronic lesions visible on conventional MRI, reflecting persistent demyelination and tissue injury, independent of acute inflammation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / early clinical use: Requires at least 3 longitudinal scans for confirmation, predicts 9-year disability progression. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Partially overlapping with PRL but not interchangeable; combined detection can comprehensively assess chronic lesion activity. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-375-3p (EV) | Full name | microRNA-375-3p (extracellular vesicle source) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (miRNA, EV packaged) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Diabetes Mellitus | Disease Subtypes | LADA | ||
| Organ | Pancreas | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (qRT - PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Islet beta cells damage after release, reflecting the state of beta cell function | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the clinical research stage, it is expected to be used for early screening of LADA and dynamic monitoring of β cell function | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The specific markers of early β-cell damage of LADA are expected to be used for early screening | ||||
| Biomarker | PRL | Full name | Parametric Rim Lesions | Molecular Type | Imaging Biomarker |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Brain MRI (Susceptibility-sensitive sequences, QSM) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A feature of chronic active lesions, iron-loaded microglia surround the demyelinating core, mediating persistent inflammation and neural injury. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / early clinical use: Standardized detection with 3T MRI is advancing multi-center validation. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Specificity > 90%, strongly correlated with disability progression, a potential efficacy indicator for targeted chronic inflammation therapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-15a (EV) | Full name | microRNA-15a (extracellular vesicle source) | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid (encapsulation of micrornas, EV) |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Diabetes Mellitus | Disease Subtypes | Diabetic retinopathy (complications) | ||
| Organ | Retina | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/intraocular fluid (qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Pancreatic beta cells source EV carry, ROS generation and apoptosis induction of retinal cells | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | At the cutting-edge research stage, has not yet entered the stage of clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | EV - miRNAs for retinopathy targeted therapy provides a new direction | ||||
| Biomarker | NGAL | Full name | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Diabetes Mellitus | Disease Subtypes | Diabetic nephropathy (complications) | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine/serum (immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Renal tubular secretion increase after injury, involved in inflammation and tissue repair | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | It is clinically used for the grading of diabetic nephropathy damage and the evaluation of treatment response, and as a supplementary index of urinary albumin | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with diabetic nephropathy in installment, can evaluate treatment response | ||||
| Biomarker | KIM-1 | Full name | Kidney injury molecule 1 | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Macromolecule | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring and prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Diabetes Mellitus | Disease Subtypes | Diabetic nephropathy (complications) | ||
| Organ | Kidney | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Urine (ce) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Renal tubular epithelial cells are released after injury, reflecting renal tubular injury | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In the clinical research and application stage, screening for early diabetic nephropathy, especially in the “no albuminuria nephropathy (“ | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is a potential marker for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, which is better than urinary albumin | ||||
| Biomarker | GFAP | Full name | Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / CSF (Simoa) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | A marker of astrocyte activation, involved in blood-brain barrier injury and inflammatory response, associated with gray matter lesions. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation / early clinical use: Lower specificity than NfL; combined detection improves prognostic value. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Associated with chronic active lesions, a potential monitoring indicator for progressive MS. | ||||
| Biomarker | NfL | Full name | Neurofilament Light Chain | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Multiple Sclerosis | Disease Subtypes | Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / CSF (Simoa, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Released after neuroaxonal injury, reflecting the degree of inflammation and neurodegeneration, correlated with lesion activity and brain atrophy. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation / guideline recommendation: Has been incorporated into the clinical monitoring system; Z-score correction for age / BMI improves accuracy. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | A decrease 3-6 months after treatment indicates efficacy; sustained elevation predicts relapse and disability progression. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-6 | Full name | Interleukin-6 | Molecular Type | Cytokine |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prediction, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Epilepsy | Disease Subtypes | Drug-Refractory Epilepsy | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum/Cerebrospinal Fluid (ELISA, qPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Activates the JAK-STAT pathway, promotes neuroinflammation, and reduces ASM sensitivity. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Under clinical validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | CSF IL-6 levels in drug-refractory epilepsy patients are 2.3 times higher than those in sensitive patients; IL-6 receptor antagonists can improve seizures in some patients. | ||||
| Biomarker | AQP4 | Full name | Aquaporin 4 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Epilepsy | Disease Subtypes | Brain Tumor-Associated Epilepsy (BTRE) | ||
| Organ | Brain | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor Tissue (Immunohistochemistry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal expression of aquaporin leads to intracerebral edema, disrupts the neuronal microenvironment, and induces epilepsy. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The incidence of epilepsy in GBM patients with high AQP4 expression reaches 68%, positively correlated with the degree of cerebral edema. | ||||