| Biomarker | PD-L1 | Full name | Programmed death-ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prediction, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC, SP263/22C3/SP142 antibody) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combining the PD-1 receptor on the surface of T cells to inhibit T cell activation and mediate tumor immune escape. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical translation / Immunotherapy companion diagnostics: Some clinical trials have adopted it as a stratification criterion. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The objective response rate (ORR) for PD-L1 positive (CPS ≥ 1) patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors reached 35% - 40%. | ||||
| Biomarker | OPN | Full name | Osteopontin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / Tumor Tissue (RT-PCR, Small RNA Sequencing, Chip Technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It mediates cell adhesion, angiogenesis and matrix remodeling, and its high expression enhances the invasion and distant metastasis ability of tumor cells. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage: Core candidate for transfer-related prognostic markers. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The serum OPN level was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion in cervical cancer (r = 0.63, P < 0.001); blocking OPN could inhibit tumor metastasis. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-146a | Full name | MicroRNA-146a | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（microRNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / Tumor Tissue (RT-PCR, Small RNA Sequencing, Chip Technology) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulating the TLR/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and tumor suppressor genes (such as BRCA1), high expression promotes tumor proliferation and immune escape. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier Research: Currently exploring as a target for predicting prognosis and treatment response. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Frontier Research: Studies are currently exploring miR-146a, which is a potential target for predicting prognosis and treatment response. In patients with high expression of miR-146a, the 5-year recurrence rate is 42%, significantly higher than that of the low-expression group (15%). It can also serve as a combined target for immunotherapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | RASSF1A | Full name | Ras association domain family 1 isoform A | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（DNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue / Serum (Methylated-specific PCR, NGS, Pyrosequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor suppressor genes, whose promoters are methylated, result in silencing of expression and loss of functions related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis induction. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage: The early diagnostic value has been confirmed in multiple cohorts. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Abnormal methylation can occur during the precancerous stage of cervical cancer, indicating a risk of cancer formation up to 6-12 months earlier than HPV testing; serum testing is non-invasive and convenient. | ||||
| Biomarker | MEG3 | Full name | Maternal expressed gene 3 | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid（lncRNA） |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue / Serum (RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, digital PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Tumor suppressor long non-coding RNA inhibits tumor proliferation by regulating the p53 pathway, and its expression is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier Research: Potential Biomarkers for Liquid Biopsy, Undergoing Large-scale Cohort Validation. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The serum MEG3 level is negatively correlated with tumor stage and differentiation degree; combined with RASSF1A methylation detection, the early diagnosis AUC value reaches 0.89. | ||||
| Biomarker | MGMT | Full name | O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase | Molecular Type | Protein / Nucleic acid (DNA methylation) |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis, Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissues (IHC, methylation-specific PCR, NGS) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Repairing DNA damage induced by alkylating agents, promoter methylation leads to expression silencing and loss of repair function. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | In research validation / clinical translation: Gradually applied to individualized selection of chemotherapy regimens | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The MGMT promoter methylation in patients leads to a 30% increase in the response rate to chemotherapy with drugs like temozolomide, and a 6-8 month extension of the median survival period. | ||||
| Biomarker | P16INK4a | Full name | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Cervical exfoliated cells / Tumor tissue (IHC, immunocytochemistry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | CDK4/6 inhibitors, after HPV infection, the E7 protein inhibits the Rb pathway, leading to compensatory overexpression of P16INK4a. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine diversion tools: Core diversion indicators for HPV-positive individuals | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The combined detection with Ki-67 (P16/Ki-67 double positive) has a sensitivity of 95% for the diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), reducing overdiagnosis. | ||||
| Biomarker | HPV | Full name | Human papillomavirus | Molecular Type | Nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Screening, Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Cervical exfoliated cells (PCR, HC2 hybrid capture, NGS typing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | High-risk HPV (types 16/18/31/33, etc.) integrates its genome into the host cell, causing abnormalities in the p53 and Rb pathways, and driving carcinogenesis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine screening / guideline recommendation: Core indicators for population screening, incorporated into the cervical cancer triage prevention system. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Women with negative HPV status have an extremely low risk of developing cervical cancer (the negative predictive value is over 99%); combined with TCT/liquid-based cytology can significantly increase the detection rate of precancerous lesions. | ||||
| Biomarker | CEA | Full name | Carcinoembryonic antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | All subtypes | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA, immunoturbidimetry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The antigens expressed during the embryonic stage, which are abnormally activated and expressed in cervical cancer, are related to tumor invasion and metastasis. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine auxiliary use: Only for comprehensive assessment, not used as a standalone diagnostic basis. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The specificity is relatively low (about 60%), and false positives are more likely to occur in digestive tract tumors and inflammatory diseases. Persistent elevation of CEA indicates an increased risk of recurrence. | ||||
| Biomarker | CYFRA21-1 | Full name | Cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Squamous cell carcinoma | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA, chemiluminescence method) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The cytoskeletal fragments released by epithelial-derived tumor cells after apoptosis, are highly expressed in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical validation / Auxiliary use: As a supplementary marker for SCC, it is used for evaluating the therapeutic effect of squamous cell carcinoma. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The sensitivity for stage I-II cervical cancer is 55% - 65%, which is superior to that of SCC in the early stage; combined with SCC, the early warning of recurrence can be advanced by 1 - 3 months. | ||||
| Biomarker | SCC | Full name | Squamous cell carcinoma antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Core Functional Dimensions Diagnosis, Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Cervical Cancer | Disease Subtypes | Squamous cell carcinoma | ||
| Organ | Cervix | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Cervical squamous cell carcinoma cells specifically secrete this substance, which participates in the adhesion and invasion of tumor cells. The serum level is positively correlated with the tumor burden. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine application: Included in the cervical cancer treatment and diagnosis guidelines, it is a core monitoring indicator for squamous cell carcinoma. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It has a specificity of over 90% for cervical squamous cell carcinoma; it is often used in combination with CYFRA21-1 to enhance the efficacy of recurrence monitoring. | ||||
| Biomarker | IL-6 | Full name | Interleukin-6 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCOS | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (ELISA, CLIA, Flow Cytometry CBA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Secreted by adipocytes and immune cells, in PCOS, it promotes liver synthesis of CRP by activating the JAK-STAT pathway, while inhibiting insulin signal transduction, thereby aggravating insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation stage: Core indicators of the inflammatory mechanism are gradually being applied to clinical risk assessment. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The level of IL-6 is positively correlated with the ovulation frequency, BMI and triglyceride levels of patients with PCOS. Drugs that target and inhibit the IL-6 pathway (such as tocilizumab) have shown potential in improving insulin resistance in small clinical trials. | ||||
| Biomarker | SLC1A5 | Full name | Solute carrier family 1 member 5 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCOS | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | PBMC/Ovarian Tissue (Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR qRT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry IHC, WB) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is responsible for transporting glutamine into the cells. In patients with PCOS, the expression of SLC1A5 in ovarian granulosa cells and adipocytes is upregulated. By promoting glutamine metabolism reprogramming, it supports the synthesis of androgens in the ovaries and the inflammatory response of adipocytes, thereby aggravating insulin resistance. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research stage: Metabolic target markers, actively exploring their clinical application value. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression level of SLC1A5 is positively correlated with the fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR and testosterone levels of patients with PCOS. Small molecule drugs that inhibit the function of SLC1A5 can reduce androgen levels and improve ovulation function in animal models, and are expected to become a new therapeutic target for PCOS. | ||||
| Biomarker | SHBG | Full name | Sex hormone-binding globulin | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCOS | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoturbidimetry, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is mainly synthesized by the liver and can specifically bind to testosterone (reducing the activity of free testosterone); in patients with PCOS, due to insulin resistance, the synthesis of SHBG in the liver is inhibited, resulting in a decrease in SHBG levels and a relative increase in free testosterone. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical routine use: To assist in evaluating hyperandrogenic activity and insulin resistance. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | SHBG is significantly negatively correlated with insulin resistance (r = -0.62, P < 0.001), and can be used as an alternative indicator for "insulin-resistant PCOS"; the free testosterone index (FAI = total testosterone / SHBG × 100) is more capable of reflecting the biological effects of hyperandrogenism than total testosterone alone. | ||||
| Biomarker | CRP | Full name | C-reactive protein | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCOS | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (immunoturbidimetry, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | PCOS exhibits the characteristic of "chronic low-level inflammation". Inflammatory factors activate the local inflammatory response in adipose tissue and the ovary, promoting insulin resistance and androgen synthesis. CRP is a sensitive indicator reflecting systemic inflammation. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical auxiliary assessment: Often used for risk stratification of metabolic complications in PCOS patients. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The serum CRP levels in patients with PCOS are mostly slightly elevated (typically < 10mg/L), and are positively correlated with insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. A CRP level of ≥ 3mg/L indicates an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle intervention should be strengthened. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-18b | Full name | MicroRNA-18b | Molecular Type | microRNA |
| Molecular Formula | / | Molecular Weight | / | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, Prediction |
| Disease(or Constitution) | PCOS | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Ovary | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum / Follicular fluid (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR qRT-PCR, small RNA sequencing, dPCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | By targeting and regulating genes related to the insulin signaling pathway (such as IRS-1) or genes in the sex hormone synthesis pathway (such as CYP17A1), it affects insulin sensitivity and ovarian androgen secretion. The expression levels are significantly abnormal in the serum and follicular fluid of PCOS patients. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Frontier research stage: Multiple cohorts have confirmed the expression differences, and clinical translation verification is underway. | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression of miR-18b is downregulated in patients with PCOS and insulin resistance, and it is negatively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (r = -0.58, P < 0.001); it is expected to serve as an early predictive marker for "metabolic PCOS". | ||||