| Biomarker | CA19-9 | Full name | Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (ELISA, chemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal tumors, and is related to tumor invasion and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (monitoring) : used for postoperative recurrence and treatment response monitoring of CRC, especially for patients with liver metastases | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Separately using diagnostic value is limited, and CEA joint can improve the sensitivity and specificity of CRC monitoring | ||||
| Biomarker | CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) | Full name | Carcinoembryonic antigen | Molecular Type | Protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Monitoring, prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (ELISA, chemiluminescence immunoassay) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The expression is low in normal adult tissues and abnormally elevated in CRC, and is involved in tumor cell adhesion and invasion | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (monitoring) : It is routinely used to monitor postoperative recurrence of CRC and is not recommended as a screening marker | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Low specificity, easily influenced by factors such as smoking, inflammation, should be combined with other markers to improve diagnostic accuracy | ||||
| Biomarker | BRAF mutations | Full name | B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase mutations | Molecular Type | Genetic mutations |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Treatment prediction and prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (NGS, PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | BRAF V600E and other mutations activate the MAPK pathway and promote tumor progression, which is associated with poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in CRC | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical treatment options (available) : as the prognosis of CRC layering and targeted markers for the treatment of choice | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | CRC patients with BRAF V600E mutation are sensitive to combination therapy with MEK inhibitors, and related drugs have been approved for clinical application | ||||
| Biomarker | KRAS mutations | Full name | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutations | Molecular Type | Genetic mutations |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Treatment prediction and prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (NGS, PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Activating mutation of KRAS gene leads to the continuous activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, which promotes tumor proliferation and chemotherapy resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical treatment options (available) : has been included in CRC guidelines, as an EGFR treatment rule out marker | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is one of the most common driver mutations in CRC. Liquid biopsy can monitor its dynamic changes in real time and guide the adjustment of treatment plan | ||||
| Biomarker | Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) | Full name | Circulating Tumor DNA | Molecular Type | Circulating nucleic acids |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Blood (NGS, digital PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Free DNA in tumor cells released into the blood, carry mutations in tumor specificity (such as sets, mutated BRAF), can reflect the tumor burden and response to treatment | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (monitoring) : It has been used for postoperative recurrence monitoring and treatment response assessment of CRC, and some centers are included in routine clinical practice | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Is an ideal marker, real-time dynamic monitor progress CRC liquid biopsy technology mature and make its application scenario development | ||||
| Biomarker | S100P | Full name | S100 calcium-binding protein P | Molecular Type | Calcium binding protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment resistance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood/stool (ELISA, IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combined with RAGE to activate downstream signaling pathways, inhibition of p53 function, promote the cell proliferation and metastasis, associated with recurrence of CRC | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Multi-center studies have confirmed its prognostic value and it is in the clinical transformation stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is highly expressed in both primary CRC and metastatic lesions, which can be used as a potential marker for recurrence risk assessment. Its inhibitor, cromoline, has shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies | ||||
| Biomarker | S100A10 | Full name | S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (Annexin II ligand, Calpactin I light chain) | Molecular Type | Calcium-binding protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, treatment resistance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It interacts with ANXA2 to mediate oxaliplatin resistance and promote cell invasion and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: its role in CRC chemoresistance has been clearly defined, and it is in the stage of preclinical therapeutic target research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is highly specific for oxaliplatin resistance and can be used as a reference marker for chemotherapy regimen selection. Targeting its interaction with ANXA2 can reverse drug resistance | ||||
| Biomarker | S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) | Full name | S100 calcium-binding protein A8/A9 heterodimer (Calprotectin) | Molecular Type | Calcium binding protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, immunomodulation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Stool/blood/tumor tissue (ELISA, IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The formation of heterodimers binds TLR4/RAGE, activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, recruits neutrophils and MDSCs, and promotes inflammation and immunosuppression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (inflammation monitoring) : Fecal calprotectin testing has been used as an auxiliary diagnosis for CRC screening; Its tumor-specific application is in the stage of clinical research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is a core marker of the inflammatory microenvironment of CRC, which is closely related to IBD-related CRC, and can be used as a monitoring indicator of disease activity and treatment response | ||||
| Biomarker | S100A4 | Full name | S100 calcium-binding protein A4 | Molecular Type | Calcium-binding protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of metastasis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood/feces (ELISA, IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Activation of NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways can promote cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis, and participate in the EMT process | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: Tissue and blood tests have confirmed their prognostic value, and targeted inhibitors enter pre-clinical development | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is a key marker of CRC metastasis, and its inhibitor nicotinamide has shown anti-metastatic effect in phase II clinical trials | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL16 | Full name | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and immune regulation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (ELISA, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | The membrane-bound form mediates cell adhesion, and the soluble form recruits CXCR6+ T cells to promote angiogenesis in BRAF-mutant CRC | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: it is associated with poor prognosis of CRC with BRAF V600E mutation, which is in the stage of clinical association study | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High expression of CXCR6 is associated with the benefit of immunotherapy in CRC patients, and CXCL16-CXCR6 axis can be used as a predictive target for the efficacy of immunotherapy | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL14 | Full name | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (Breast and kidney-expressed chemokine) | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and Prognosis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/feces (qRT-PCR, methylation-specific PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | It plays a tumor suppressor role by regulating immune cell infiltration, and its promoter methylation leads to down-regulation of expression and promotes CRC progression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation: Stool test shows diagnostic potential and is in preclinical research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The expression level decreases with the progression of CRC and can be used as a marker for good prognosis. Restoring its expression can inhibit CRC proliferation and metastasis | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL13 | Full name | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (B cell-attracting chemokine 1) | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment resistance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (ELISA, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Binding CXCR5 to recruit B cells to form tertiary lymphoid structures and activate PI3K/AKT pathway to promote tumor progression, which is related to 5-FU resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: serum levels are associated with CRC drug resistance, which is in the early clinical research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The serum level of CXCL13 can predict the sensitivity of CRC patients to 5-FU chemotherapy, and targeting CXCL13/CXCR5 axis is expected to reverse chemotherapy resistance | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL12 | Full name | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (Stromal cell-derived factor 1) | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of metastasis | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (ELISA, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combined with CXCR4 / CXCR7 PI3K/AKT activation, MAPK pathway, promote tumor cell migration, invasion and distant metastasis, transfer recess in participation | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research validation: Its key role in CRC metastasis has been confirmed and it is in the stage of clinical transformation research | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis is an important pathway mediating liver metastasis of CRC, and CXCR4 antagonists have entered clinical trials for CRC | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL8 (IL-8) | Full name | Interleukin-8 / Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment resistance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood/stool (ELISA, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Combining CXCR1 / CXCR2 recruit neutrophils, activated PI3K/AKT pathway, promoting tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and associated with CRC immunotherapy drug resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: Serum levels are associated with CRC stage and metastasis, which is in the stage of therapeutic target validation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Serum CXCL8 level can be used as potential markers of CRC prognosis and treatment response monitoring, CXCR2 inhibitors with immunotherapy shows synergistic effect | ||||
| Biomarker | CXCL1 | Full name | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 | Molecular Type | Chemokines |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and immune regulation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood (ELISA, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Binding CXCR2 recruits neutrophils and MDSCs, inhibits CD8+ T cell function, promotes angiogenesis and EMT, and is associated with liver metastasis of CRC | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Study validation/Early clinical: Blood tests show prognostic value and are in the clinical research stage | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Its expression is regulated by mutant p53 and is highly expressed in p53-mutant CRC. Targeting the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis can enhance the effect of immunotherapy | ||||
| Biomarker | miRNA-21 | Full name | microRNA-21 | Molecular Type | microrna |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment resistance | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Colorectal Cancer (CRC) | Disease Subtypes | Colorectal cancer | ||
| Organ | Colorectal | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue/blood/stool (qRT-PCR, RNA sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targeting tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and TP53INP1 can promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and enhance the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical research phase: a large number of clinical studies confirmed that its high expression associated with poor prognosis of CRC, in the stage of clinical transformation | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | It is one of the most widely studied miRNA markers in CRC. Its detection methods are mature and it is expected to enter clinical application quickly | ||||