| Biomarker | lncRNASNHG16 | Full name | Small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 | Molecular Type | long noncoding RNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Drug resistance prediction, regulatory targets | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (qRT-PCR、RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Adhesion to miR-16 upregulates ATG4B to promote autophagy-mediated drug resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The sensitivity of OS cells to cisplatin can be restored after knockdown | ||||
| Biomarker | ERCC1 | Full name | Excision Repair Cross-Complementation Group 1 | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Drug resistance prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC, qRT-PCR) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in DNA damage repair and attenuates the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The rate of chemotherapy response decreased by 50% when co-expressed with ABCB1. | ||||
| Biomarker | ABCB1 (P-gp) | Full name | ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 | Molecular Type | membranin |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Drug resistance prediction, therapeutic targets | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | Chemoradioresistant osteosarcoma | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC, flow cytometry) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Drug efflux pump, reducing intracellular chemotherapy drug concentration | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (drug resistance assessment) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Patients with high expression exhibit a 30% or greater increase in resistance to doxorubicin and cisplatin. | ||||
| Biomarker | Exo-hsa_circ_103801 | Full name | Exosome-derived hsa_circ_103801 | Molecular Type | Circular RNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Drug resistance monitoring, recurrence warning | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | peripheral blood exosomes (qRT-PCR、RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Transfer of drug-resistant phenotypes, upregulation of ABCB1 and ABCC1 expression | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Exosomes from cisplatin-resistant cells exhibit high expression and can induce drug resistance in sensitive cells | ||||
| Biomarker | EPHA2 | Full name | EPH receptor A2 | Molecular Type | membranin |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Targeted therapy targets, prognostic evaluation | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue、CTCs (FACS、IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Mediates PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways to promote angiogenesis and metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Preclinical studies are mature | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | CAR-T targeted therapy has demonstrated efficacy in animal models, capable of eliminating metastatic lesions. | ||||
| Biomarker | CTCs | Full name | circulating tumor cells | Molecular Type | cells |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Therapeutic efficacy monitoring and recurrence warning | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | Metastatic osteosarcoma | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Peripheral blood (flow cytometry, microfluidic chip)11 | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | reflecting tumor metastatic potential and mediating distant organ colonization | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical trials in progress | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | A count ≥10 per 10^6 leukocytes indicates an increased risk of recurrence, which is associated with the site of metastasis. | ||||
| Biomarker | HSP90 | Full name | Heat Shock Protein 90 | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment, therapeutic targets | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | tumor tissue, serum (IHC、ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Stabilize oncogenic protein conformation, promote tumor cell survival and drug resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical trial phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | The HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG has entered Phase I clinical trials and can inhibit OS proliferation. | ||||
| Biomarker | RB1 def | Full name | RB1 deficiency | Molecular Type | nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic assessment, risk stratification | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | Secondary osteosarcoma (associated with radiotherapy) | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (NGS、IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Abnormal cell cycle regulation enhances tumor invasiveness and chemotherapy resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Closely associated with treatment-related OS, the median OS in missing patients was shortened to 2-3 years | ||||
| Biomarker | CRYAB | Full name | Crystallin Alpha B | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis assessment, metastasis prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (IHC、Westernblot) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Regulation of the MEK/ERK pathway promotes tumor cell migration and lung metastasis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Scientific research verification | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Patients with high expression exhibit reduced 5-year OS rate, which can be targeted by miR-491 inhibition | ||||
| Biomarker | MDM2，CDK4 amplification | Full name | MDM2 amplification, CDK4 amplification | Molecular Type | nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, differentiation, and prognosis assessment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | Low-grade osteosarcoma (parosteal type) | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue (FISH、IHC) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Drive abnormal progression of the cell cycle, distinguishing benign bone lesions from low-grade OS | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinically available (pathological differentiation) | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | High specificity, with a positive rate>80% in low-grade OS, indicating relatively favorable prognosis | ||||
| Biomarker | hsa_circ_0001821 | Full name | Homo sa11piens circular RNA 0001821 | Molecular Type | Circular RNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | tumor tissue, serum(qRT-PCR、RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | As a ceRNA, it binds to miR-205-5p and upregulates oncogenes such as c-FLIP and FOXC2. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Eleven studies consistently reported upregulation, which is closely associated with pulmonary metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. | ||||
| Biomarker | miR-21 | Full name | microRNA-21 | Molecular Type | microRNA |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance prediction | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | serum, tumor tissue (qRT-PCR、RNA-seq) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Targeting the PTEN and TGF-β1 pathways to promote tumor proliferation and chemotherapy resistance | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Clinical trials in progress | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Related to resistance to cisplatin and doxorubicin, it can serve as a target for combination therapy. | ||||
| Biomarker | TP53 mut | Full name | TP53 mutation | Molecular Type | nucleic acid |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognostic stratification and risk assessment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Tumor tissue, ctDNA (NGS, Sanger sequencing) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes leads to uncontrolled cell cycle and resistance to apoptosis | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Available at some clinical centers | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Li-Fraumeni syndrome is highly prevalent, with a mutation rate of 90%, indicating an aggressive phenotype. | ||||
| Biomarker | LDH | Full name | Lactate dehydrogenase | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | (OS) | Core Functional Dimensions | Prognosis assessment, efficacy monitoring | |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma | Disease Subtypes | / | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (colorimetric method, biochemical analyzer) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Reflects tumor metabolic activity and is positively correlated with cell proliferation rate | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Widely available | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Meta-analysis confirmed a significant association between high expression and poor prognosis | ||||
| Biomarker | ALP | Full name | Alkaline | Molecular Type | protein |
| Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Core Functional Dimensions | Diagnosis and prognosis assessment | ||
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteosarcoma (OS) | Disease Subtypes | Traditional high-grade osteosarcoma (conventional type) | ||
| Organ | Bone | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Serum (colorimetric method, ELISA) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Participates in the process of bone mineralization, with abnormal proliferation of tumor cells leading to elevated serum levels. | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Widely available | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | A classic biomarker, often used in combination with LDH; elevated levels indicate high tumor burden. | ||||
| Biomarker | PGE₂ | Full name | Prostaglandin E2 in synovial fluid | Molecular Type | Lipid medium |
| Molecular Formula | C20H32O5 | Molecular Weight | 352.47 Da | Core Functional Dimensions | Inflammatory activity monitoring, research on pain mechanisms |
| Disease(or Constitution) | Osteoarthritis (OA) | Disease Subtypes | Inflammatory osteoarthritis | ||
| Organ | Joint (Synovium) | Test Sample / Technology Platform | Synovial fluid (ELISA, high-performance liquid chromatography) | ||
| Pathobiological Mechanisms | Mediating inflammatory pain and cartilage degradation, with a positive correlation between the level and the degree of pain | ||||
| Clinical Availability Status | Research phase | ||||
| Notes and Dynamics | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce the level of PGE₂ in synovial fluid, alleviate pain, and serve as a direct indicator of drug efficacy. | ||||